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A

HARVARD COLLEGE
LIBRARY

FROM THB FUND OF

CHARLES MINOT

CLASS OF 1828

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TANIS.

PABT I., 1883-4,

V

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LONDON: PRINTBD BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED,
ST. JOHN'S SQUABB, CLEREENWBLL EOAD.

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IKOIMISPIECE.

1

n

Scalo one-third.

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^'

TANIS.

PART I., 1883-4.

BY

W. M. FLINDEES PETEIE.

o

SECOND MEMOIR OP

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE.

LONDON:
MESSRS. TRtJBNER & CO., 67 & 69, LXJDGATE HILL, E.C.

1886.

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A

^.

. . . . " Copy fair what Time hath blurred ;
Bedeem truth from hie jaws " . . . .

Hebbebt.

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CONTENTS.

SECT.

PAGE

. vii

. 1
. 1

. 2
. 3

Preface

Introduction

1. The Place

2. The People

3. The Work

Chap. I. — San before the Empire.

4. Foundation of San 4

5. Blocks of Pepi 4

6. Amenemhat 1 4

7. Usertesen 1 5

8. Amenemhat II 5

9. Usertesen II 6

10. Usertesen III 6

11. Various Monuments of Twelfth Dynasty 6

12. Sebakhotep III 8

13. Mermashau 8

14. Various Monuments of Thirteenth and

Fourteenth Dynasties 9

15. Sphinxes of Thirteenth Dynasty ... 10

16. Hyksos Monuments

Chap. II. — San under the Empire.

17
18
19
20
21
22

Pavement and Colossi of approach
Pylon

Hall of Colomns

Sphinxes and Obelisks

Early Statues

In Front of the Sanctuary

23. The Sanctuary

24. Around the Sanctuary

25. The East end

26. The General Area

27. Sketch of the History of the Area

28. The great Colossus

29. Other Colossi

80. Statues of Bamessu H

81. Obelisks and Pillars

.. 12
.. 12
.. 14
.. 15
.. 15
.. 16
:. 17
.. 18
.. 19
.. 19
.. 20
.. 22
.. 24
.. 26
.. 26

Chap. HI. — Greek and Roman Tanis, and
Distribution of Finds.

SECT. PAGE

32. Tell-el-Yehudiyeh 27

33. Tell-el-Maskhuta 23

34. Pisebkhanu at San 28

35. TellFarun 28

36. Tell Sueilin 29

37- House of Thirtieth Dynasty, San ... 29

38. Chapel of Ptolemy II., San 31

39. Tablet of Ptolemy IL, San ..: ... 31

40. Ptolemaic Temple, San ... 32

41. Ptolemaic Houses 32

42. Ptolemaic Jewellery 33

43. Late Ptolemaic Houses 34

44. Roman Houses 35

45. Koman Tombs 36

46. Miscellaneous Objects 38

Chap. IV. — Bakakhuiu, the Lawyer of San.

47. Period of Bakakhuiu 41

48. The House 41

49. Statuette and Papyri 42

50. Figures of Deities, &c 42

61. Furniture and Bronze Work 43

52. Signs of an Amateur 44

63. Alabaster and Granite Vessels 45

54. Blue glazed Pottery 45

55. Glass 46

56. Pottery ... ... ... ... ... 46

57. Adjoining House, No. 44. 46

58. Marble Term 47

59. Bronze and Iron Work 47

60. Glass Zodiac 48

61. Glass Lens, &c. ... ... ... ... 49

Chap. V. — Measurements and Tables.

62. Levellings ... 50

63. Shafts ... ... ... ... ... 51

64. Weights 52

65. Deities of San 54

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PEEFAOE.

The present work is half taken up with an account of the monuments of San,
which had been nearly all discovered by Mariette, but of which no connected
or detailed account has hitherto been written. Such a publication of the
remains of a city which was only inferior to the other capitals — Thebes and
Memphis — in the splendour of its sculptures, needs no comment. The other
half of the account is occupied with the results of the various excavations
which I carried on, and which yielded us much information on the age of
many classes of objects, besides furnishing the British Museum with several
antiquities of types unknown before.

In laying this memoir before the subscribers, I have endeavoured to hit the
mean between the lavish style of Government publications, such as seems to
have become associated with work in Egypt, and on the other hand the
unpleasantly rough manner which sometimes appears in foreign works. If
anything more elaborate is wished for in the matter of plates, the only reply
must be that the money which would be thus spent is really wanted for actual
work ; the only reason that I regret the need of doing these plates myself
is that it is impossible, with the many other matters that must be attended
to, to issue more than a moiety of the inscriptions of San this season.

The photographs taken during the season 1883-4 are now all in England ;
some of the most important are reproduced in this volume, and many were
exhibited at the General Meeting at the Royal Institution. Subscribers wishing
to seethe series are requested to communicate with Mr. Murray, 113, Penton-
ville Road, London, N., from whom a set can be obtained for inspection.
Copies of any of them may be had at cost price from him.

I am sorry that nearly a year should have elapsed between the writing
and publication of this volume, partly due to my absence at Naukratis ; but

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viii PEEFACE.

I have thereby had the benefit of the kind revision of the text by Miss A. B,
Edwards and Mr. Poole, and of M, Naville's careful verification of the plates of
inscriptions fi'om the monuments themselves. In thanking my friends, I must
also say how much indebted the present exploration is to the goodwill and
co-operation of Professor Maspero.

W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE.

Bromley, Kent,
August 3, 1885.

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TANIS

INTEODUOTION.

1. Beyond the civilized regions of modem
^gyptj past even the country pahn-groves, where
a stranger is rarely seen, there stretches out to
the Mediterranean a desolation of mud and swamp,
impassable in winter, and only dried into an
impalpable salt dust by the heat of midsummer.
To tell land from water, to say where the mud
ends and the lakes begin, requires a long expe-
rience ; the flat expanse, as level as the sea,
covered with slowly drying salt pools, may be
crossed for miles, with only the dreary changes
of dust, black mud, water, and black mud again,
which it is impossible to define as more land
than water or more water than land. The only
objects which break the flatness of the barren
horizon are the low mounds of the cities of the
dead ; these alone remain to show that this
region was once a living land, whose people
prospered on the earth.

The reddened top of the highest of these
mounds may be seen rising out of the flickering
haze on the horizon, some hours before it is
reached; that is the great city of San, the
capital of Lower Egypt. And when the traveller
has cUmbed the crackling heaps of potsherds
which cover its mouldering houses, he sees
around him towns whose modem names are not
in books, and whose ancient history is still
buried in their rums. Tell Ginn, Tell Dibgu,
Tell Sueihn, Tell Farun, Tell Gemayemi, Tell
Khatanah, all these have their past on a still
unopened page in history; a past of which we

may see the sphinxes and sarcophagi, the houses
and tombs, scarcely hidden in the dust.

San, Tanis, T'aan, Zoan, these forms of the
name have each a history of a different age and
a different race. The miserable Arab huts of
San first meet the eye; huts which belong to
a people whose very nature is nomadic, who have
no notions of town life, — or civilization, in the
literal sense, — ^whose dark and miserable mud
rooms are huddled together without any plan or
order, in the most unhealthy flat, with on the
one side a muddy stream into which they throw
their dead buffialoes, and from which they drink,
and on the other a swamp full of rotting graves
and filth. But the high mounds which rise
behind this sickening mass of dead fish and
live babies, fowls and flies, are the remains of the
Eoman and Greek Tanis, a city well built and
well ordered, whose inhabitants show no small
taste in their native pottery and their imported
marbles, their statuettes, their delicate glass
mosaics, and their fine metal work. And it is
of this city that we know most at present, as
during the long and flourishing dominion of the
Westem Powers, which gave Egypt new life and
new vigour, the successive generations built again
and again on the mins left by their forefathers ;
thus the mounds at last rose some forty feet
higher than they had been when the Assyrians
and Ethiopians had stricken the place at the
close of its older history.

T'aan, the city of Sheshonk, of Pisebkhanu, of

B

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TANIS.

the usurping Si-amen, and of the magnificent
egotist Ramessu 11., is still unknown to us ; and
we can only yet imagine what interest may await
us when we reach the dwellings of the people
who lived around the splendid temple which lies
in the midst of the mounds. This temple, a
thousand feet from end to end, stood up above
the surrounding houses ; and over its long flat
roof towered up the colossal statue of the second
founder of the city, the great Ramessu, head,
shoulders, and body even, above everything else,
with stony eyes gazing across the vast plain.
This temple was worthy of the capital of Lower
Egypt, replete with noble statues of the older
kings, of the most magnificent work, and domi-
nated in every part by the royal splendour of the
Smiter of Nations, the Strong Bull, the Destroyer
of His Enemies, Ramessu, Beloved of Amon.

But beneath the capital of Ramessu there must
lie the older town, the town of the bearded
Hyksos, the fishy people, the worshippers of
Sutekh, who honoured and adorned the early
temple; and yet, beneath that again, the town
of Amenemhat and Usertesen, of the great kings
who first established this as their capital, to hold
in check the pushing Semitic invaders ; the kings
who one by one, as they mounted the throne of
the two lands, added their statues to the figures
of the Great Gods in the temple — statues of
colossal size, carved in the hardest rocks, with
severe simplicity, and yet the most brilliant
finish. And even before them some town existed
here, — Zoan, built seven years after Hebron, —
of which no trace is now visible. This large sand
island in the midst of the mud, by the side of
the river, doubtless had a settlement on it of
either the invaders or the defenders from the first
days when the Semitic tribes began to take their
footing in Egypt, and to press on its rich and
well-cultivated plains, which formed so tempting
a prey.

2. To examine this district, and to excavate
at San, I went down by boat from Fakus on the

4th of February, 1884, and lived at San, in tent
or house, until the 23rd of June; only leaving
for two short trips to neighbouring Tells during
that time. Communication with the outer world
was kept up by sending a man forty miles — to
Fakus and back — every week, and only once did
any European come down to that out of the way
place while I was there.

For the first fortnight I lived in a tent, close
by the village of San ; but afterwards I moved up
to a room that I had built on the top of the
mounds, some sixty feet above the river level ;
and, gradually completing my house there, I had
at last a little block of buildings of a defensible
form, with only one outer 4oor, and comprising
six rooms around a courtyard ; the rooms being
about six by eight feet each, and four of them
serving for me and the stores and finds, while the
other two housed my overseers. From my room
I could see the temple through the open doors,
so as to watch the workers, with a telescope,
when I needed to be up in the house. No
diflficulty was found in getting labourers ; within
a week of reaching San, I had over fifty, men
girls and boys, and the numbers varied up to
180. During the harvest, of course, they had to
work in their fields, and I had but thirty children
left ; but usually there was a party of new hands
waiting to be taken on every morning. The
difficulty was to avoid overstocking ; as, in that
case, so little attention could be given to each
that they would not feel kept in hand, and would
deteriorate, and become lazy. The engagement
of each man, allotting the work to him, keep-
ing account of his time, and paying him, was
attended to by myself; thus there was no
opening for native favouritism, bakhshish, or
cheatery. The only duty of my Arab overseers
was to watch the men, see that they kept to
work, observe what was found, and make any
little changes needed from hour to hour ; but I
saw every labourer at least twice, and often four
times, a day. Thus I knew everyone about the
place, and kept up a friendly intercourse with

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INTRODUCTION.

them all, so that the smallest children were not
afraid; while at the same time I held to neces-
sary discipline, by means of dismissal for a longer
or shorter time. So much did they dread losing
work, that once dismissing the whole of the gang
for half a day because they persistently came late,
completely cured them ; I never had a man late
after that. A fair amount of work was got out
of them; a man ordinarily cutting, in good
ground, about 200 cubic feet, or seven and a half
cubic yards, a day for his wages of 6d. ; and three
or four children, at fifteen or twenty pence a day,
will carry this quantity about twenty yards in
baskets on their heads. This cutting or this
carrying is about equal to three quarters of a
day of an EngUsh labourer with spade and wheel-
barrow ; so that a gang of a man and children,
costing about two shillings a day, will do as
much as an English labourer in a day and a
half. Besides this, bakhshish was given for
everything that was found ; and though this did
not amount to 5 per cent, on the wages, yet it
ensured things being brought in to me, and was
a good stimulus to the workers. It is advisable
always to let them work in their own way, while
allowing them to use such English tools as may
be available. I found that chisel-ended crowbars
were in constant request to pick up hard earth,
and pickaxes were often wanted ; while, in shift-
ing loose sand and dust, spades could easily be
got into use. The workers were always spUt up
into small gangs, usually a man and two children,
and hardly ever more than three men and six or
eight boys and girls together. Thus the work
went on slowly in a large number of places at
once, so that it did not require such continuous
attention as if it were rapidly finished ; and each
man's work could be checked. Trenches were
mostly dug in levels about four feet apart, so
that the position of any objects found could be
readily known.

3. The general system of work was not by
clearing out the whole of a square area down to

some fixed level, as that plan uses a large
amount of labour, and, what is worse, encumbers
the ground with a quantity of waste. On the
contrary, narrow trenches were dug, and deep
shafts sunk, so as to test the largest amount
of ground in the time. On each side of the
temple trenches were cut at intervals, reaching
down to the original sandy island, from ten to
twenty-six feet deep, and running for some way
on either side. (See Plan, where all my excava-
tions are shaded in.) In this way, we found a
large part of the original limestone pavement of
the temple on the north-east and south-east
comers, a quantity of pieces of a highly decorated
chapel (of the twenty-second dynasty?) on the
north of the middle of the temple, and a large
well, with staircase, of Ptolemaic or Roman age.
It was also determined that there are no other
buildings by the side of the temple, and that the
remainder of the temple area was probably an
open enclosure. Outside the temple area also
pits were sunk to fifteen and twenty feet deep,
in the valley leading up to the temple (showing
the pavement of the road) ; and in other parts
of the mounds, disclosing tombs, a large well, and
various other remains. The other class of work
was clearing out houses, of which the rooms
were generally visible on the surface, having
been filled up with dust and potsherds. Here
the greatest care was needed, and the best men
were always put to this work ; it was much
coveted by them, as they thus obtained more
bakhshish by finding objects. Some labour was
also spent on the detailed work of clearing out
the sand between the stones in the temple, so as
to examine all sides of them ; and also in shift-
ing the fallen blocks of the great pylon, so as to
reach the outside of its wall, and examine the
stones.

In other sites near San a little work was done,
but as it was only exploratory, and we hope
in future seasons to carry it out ftirther, details of
that had better be published all together in the
future.

b2

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TANIS.

CHAPTEB I.

SAN BEFORE THE EMPIRE.

4. The earliest knowledge of San that we at
present have, is in the well-known statement in
the Book of Numbers (xiii. 22), that Hebron was
built seven years later than Zoan. This coupling
of it with a Palestinian city shows that the build-
ing must refer to a settlement by Shemites, and
not by Egyptians ; and, considering the age of
Hebron, it probably refers to the settlement before
the eleventh dynasty. At the time of its settlement
it was a saddle-shaped sandy island or **gezireh"
in the midst of the delta mud; it lay beside the
river, and the sea may then have reached up to it.
The highest parts were on each side of the
present temple, north and south of it, and rose
some thirty or forty feet above the plain ; this
being the highest islet for many miles around.
In the hollow between these dunes was a sandy
plain, in which the temple of the twelfth dy-
nasty stood, and which was probably the site of
the earliest settlement. The temple of the first
town being a sacred site, later temples would
occupy it again, and as they spread in size and
magnificence, they most likely obliterated the
traces of the primitive town." Hence we can
hardly expect to find much of any town before
the twelfth dynasty, by which time the temple
was of considerable size.

5. Among the ruins of the temple of San are,
however, two blocks bearing inscriptions of Merira-
Pepi ; one known since the time of Burton (Plan
113, inscription No. 2), while the other I observed
this year (Plan, 96, inscr. No. 1). It does not
seem to be quite certain that these belong to the
well-known Pepi of the sixth dynasty, as it is
possible another king in the eighth dynasty may
have adopted the throne name, and employed the
variant of the personal name which is here used ;
since there was another king Pepi-Sneb in that
later period. But this is, on the whole, unlikely,
and we may accept these blocks as having

belonged to a building of Pepi, in the sixth
dynasty. The titles also are the same as in
the lower line of the horizontal inscription in
the pyramid of Pepi. This, however, does not
at all prove that there was a building of that
age at San; and two circumstances render it
more probable that these blocks (which have
been reworked in later times) were brought down
from ruins rather than from a quarry m Upper
Egypt, and that their first use was before, and
not after, their long journey to the coast. In
the first place, Pepi is here called '* son of
Hathor, the lady of Ant," the modem Dendera.
Now this variant is not at all usual ; it nowhere
occurs in the pyramid of Pepi (at Memphis,
between Dendera and San), and the only instance
of it that I can localize is an alabaster Ud (see
plate xii., fig. 1) which Prof. Sayce obtained at
Keneh, just opposite the town named on it. This
renders it more likely that this inscription
belonged to Dendera or its neighbourhood, than
to the far-distant San. Another point is that
the quahty of the granite is peculiar ; it is very
hard and unalterable, with green nuclei in it, and
there is scarcely any other block of the same
quality. If there had been a temple here, built
by Pepi, the granite would probably be alike
throughout, and there would be many pieces of
the same nature, though re-used. Hence it seems
that, until some more decisive proof of Pepi*s#
work here can be obtained, it is most likely that
the ruthless appropriator of obelisks and statues,
Ramessu II., did not object to having a few
convenient blocks looted from a ruined temple
at Dendera, of which the founder had been then
dead one or two thousand years.

6. The first piece of work as yet known to
belong to San is the red gram'te colossus of
Amenemhat I., the first king of the twelfth
dynasty (Plan, 103). This is broken in three
pieces, the head (pi. xiii. 1), chest, and throne.
The granite is of a dull brick-red, and somewhat
badly weathered on the feet, though the head
is perfect. On the back Amenemhat is named

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CHAP. L-SAN BEFORE THE EMPIRE.

as beloved of Ptah (inscrip. 3 a), and a remark-
able group surrounds the so-called ** banner"^ of
the king. The greater part of the lower mscrip-
tion has been hammered out by Merenptah I.,
in order to substitute a barren repetition of his
own name in the rudest style, only the small
strip of old titles being left in the middle. On
the side of the throne (3 b) Merenptah has made
a similar defacement, but the old group of the
upper and lower Niles here appears perhaps for
the first time ; though the stems of the lotus
and papyrus are shown twisted around the sam
on the throne of Khafra, in the fourth dynasty.
On the front of the throne are two strips of
inscription (3 c, 3d), which show Amenemhat as
beloved of Ptah of the Southern Kampart, (Mem-
phis) and Ptah Sokar. Along the base of the
throne is an added inscription of Merenptah ; the
other side I did not see, as the statue is lying on it.
It seems certain that Amenemhat I. built a
temple here, as his statue was doubtless placed
in some large building, and there are many frag-
ments of columns of red granite which appear to
belong to him. They have been re-used in the
colonnade in front of the sanctuary as late as
Siamen, but are evidently of far earlier work. In
the first place, they are clustered lotus columns,
like those of Beni Hasan, a fact which almost
assigns them to the twelfth dynasty ; then they are
poUshed far more brilliantly than any work after
that period, and the delicacy with which the lines
of the leaves around each stem are shown is of

• This form of title is usually called a banner ; but it is
really a false door, the inscription being the king's name on
the panel over the door, and the so-called fringe representing
the panelling on either side of the doorway. The earliest
examples are a pot-lid of Senefru in Bulak, on which is dis-
tinctly a false door with the drum, the stripes of panelling,
the architrave, and panel above it ; and the tablet of Senefru
at Wady Maghara, where it is far more like panelling than a
fringe. On the tablet of Menkaura at Wady Maghara the
details of the stripes of panelling are shown unmistakeably,
like the false doors of the early tombs. Even though the
form became conventionally uniform, we still find a variation
appearing as late as Kamessu II. at San (on the side of the
triad inscrip. 43 a), which is certainly a doorway rather than
any sort of fringe.

the finest style ; while, finally, the colour of the
granite is of the same dull vermilion brick-red
as the statue of Amenemhat I. It is impossible to
assign them to theHamesside, or any late period.

7. The next king, Usertesen I., added his
statue to the magnificent temple of his pre-
decessor (Plan, 101) ; but instead of red granite
it is in black granite, and of the highest possible
finish and brilliancy. The inscriptions are cut
most delicately, and the polish in the hollows
of all the hieroglyphics is as fine as on the
general surface. On the top and front of the
throne are two lines running down each side
(4 c, d), and the sides of the throne were orna-
mented with the same figures as the statue of
Amenemhat (4 b). On the back is an inscrip-
tion of Merenptah (4 a) in better style than is
usual for him ; the engraver was perhaps shamed
into good work by the magnificence of the statue
he was defacing; but on the shoulder is ham-
mered in on the glass-Uke surface the car-
touche of Merenptah. The statue itself has
been broken at the chest ; and the body is much
flaked, and the head bruised (pi. xiii. 2). The
fellow statue is now in Berlin.

8. To Amenemhat 11., the successor of User-
tesen, may be ascribed another colossus in black
granite (Plan, 97). This is almost equal in finish
to the last statue, and it is far more remarkable,
having no back pilaster to the figure, which is
wrought all round (pi. xiii. 3). It is the only
Egyptian statue without a back support, so far
as I know. The head is lost, and the torso
is broken from the throne. The sides of the
throne bore the old group of the two Niles,
holding the lotus and papyrus twisted on the
sam (pi. xiii. 4); and the front a strip of inscription,
of which only a part remains (inscrip. 5 a, b, c).
Merenptah I. has appropriated the back and
lower part of the throne, and has hacked in
a monstrous cartouche on the chest of the torso.
Though no trace of the king's name remains,
it is certain that this statue must belong to the

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TANIS.

twelfth dynasty; and as it is more similar to
the statue of Usertesen I. than to any other,
we shall probably be right in attributing this —
the finest Egyptian statue Jmown in some
respects — to Amenemhat 11.

9. The colossus of the next king, Usertesen II.,
was in yellow quartzite sandstone, of very fine
grain, and free from sand-holes or pebbles. The
chest remains, and two small fragments of the
throne, but no other pieces have come to light.
On one of these pieces is part of the head-dress
of the figure of the Lower Nile (6 a), showing
that the usual group was placed on the side of
the throne, and on the adjacent front (6 b) is a
fragment of the side of the cartouche, showing

just the edges of the characters Ra-kha-a

This proves that the statue belonged to User-
tesen II., of the twelfth, or Noferhotep or Sebak-
hotep III., of the thirteenth dynasty. From the
style, the fullness of the trunk, and the decora-
tion, it is to be assigned to the twelfth dynasty,
and therefore to Usertesen II. Noferhotep is the
only other claimant, as there were besides this a
pair of granite colossi of Sebakhotep III. at San.

The statue of Nofert, the wife of Usertesen II.,
carv'ed in black granite, is now at Bulak. It
represents the queen, with a massive wig descend-
ing on each side of the face, and ending in a
point curled round just above the breast. The
eyes were inlaid. Her husband's throne name —
Ra-kha-kheper — occurs on a pectoral plate on the
chest, flanked by two vultures, each on the nub,
and with the two sacred eyes above. The inscrip-
tion is on either side of the front of the throne,
descending beside the feet. The titles are the
same as on the broken statue (inscrip. 11) ; they
will be given in full in the inscriptions published
next season. Beside this there is a bust of a
similar statue also at Bulak.

] 0. There is a part of an architrave of User-
tesen III. (who succeeded Usertesen II.) executed
in pinkish granite (inscrip. 7) ; and it is remark-
able that he is called *' beloved of Osiris," which
seems opposed to the worship of Sutekh at

San. Osiris is only met with on one other
monument of this place, Ptah being the most
usual deity here, beside Har and Anup, in the
early times. The other mention of Osiris is on
the base of a seated colossus in close fine grey
granite (Plan, 87). The upper line in inscrip.
8 A, on the top of the base, is of the twelfth
dynasty, by the work of it ; the lower line (8 a)
is part of Merenptah's inscription, which is
carried round the side (8b). Merenptah has
also hammered out the name of the original
owner in the ancient inscription, and has roughly
substituted his own. This statue is of the twelfth
dynasty, as appears by the work, and must belong
to Usertesen III. or Amenemhat III. or IV. ; and
from the mention of Osiris, as on the architrave
of the first of these kings, it seems most likely
that this statue was of Usertesen III.

11. Besides these attributable statues, there is
a fragment of the foot of a statue in grey granite
(Plan, 279), by the side of which is the end of an
inscription (10 a), and on the front of which is
an inscription (10 b) of the nineteenth dynasty.
This might belong to some of the previous
statues. There is also (in the sanctuary) a
defaced head in the same material, which pro-
bably belonged to some statue of the twelfth
dynasty. A block of similar grey granite (Plan,
95) bears the fragment of inscription (9) in larg^
figures ; it appears to have been part of a larger
object cut up. There are two seated female
statues here in black granite, probably belonging
to the earUer part of the twelfth dynasty ; they
are princesses, and perhaps daughters of User-
tesen II., as there is also a statue of his wife in the
same material. One of these statues has a hand
on the knee, and the other hand has been across
the breast (Plan, 85), while on the front of the
throne are the beginnings of inscriptions (12) ;
this statue is broken off just below the knees,
and across the body. The surface is smooth,
representing plain drapery, and is well polished.
The other princess (Plan, 99) has both hands
resting on the knees, but otherwise appears to

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CHAP. I.— SAN BEFORE THE EMPIRE.

have originally been similar to the previous statue.
On the front of the throne (pi. xiv 1) are hnes of
inscription (11), but, unhappily, the lower part
is lost, so that the name is unknown. Ramessu 11.
afterwards took this statue, and had all the
dress worked up into a ribbed pattern of folds,
leaving parts of the old smooth surface at a
higher level, just in the hollows under the arms.
The hair was also worked into wavy tresses,
parts of the old surface remaining also here.
The face appears to be untouched, judging by
its style and high finish. There has been
a metal head-dress, probably a Ramesside addi-
tion, and the tubular drill-holes for aflfixing this
may be seen along the eyebrows, cut into the
black granite, besides a large drill-hole in the
top of the head. The outer part of the balls of
the thumbs were cut away toward the vmsts,
apparently being considered too massive and
heavy for Ramesside style, though they are ren-
dered wholly unnatural by the alteration. Finally,
a long inscription adopting the statue was cut on
the back and both sides. The cutting is in the
bold, coarse style general in the Ramesside period,
quite unlike the deUcate and highly polished
hieroglyphics of the twelfth dynasty on the front
of the throne. To try and unify the whole
thing, and ignore the theft, the titles of the
old princess were repeated on the sides by
Ramessu 11. as part of his mother's inscription.
The body has been broken from the throne, and
the base of the throne is lost, otherwise this
curious example of misappropriation is in good
condition.

Another monument of the same period, also
appropriated by Ramessu II., is a red granite
obeUsk (Plan, 261). The original engraving of
this was only on the upper part of one side (shown
in inscrip. 13), but Ramessu added his names in
two columns below that, and on all the other
sides of this obelisk (see inscrip. 60) : it will also
be seen that he erased the names of the older
king to substitute his own, and the trace of the
older cartouche is visible on the upper part

between the two hawks, just below the shorter
cartouche of Ra-user-ma, sotep-en-ra. Judging
from the fact that the bee is also cut over an
erasure, it seems as if the first name had had a
different title, perhaps **nuter nofer,'' or ''Sutekh
nuter nofer ;" if so, the obelisk would belong to
the thirteenth or a later dynasty. The represen-
tation of Nishem, however, is not very common ;
but this occurs also on the gateway of Amenem-
hat I. at Esbet Helmy Pasha. Again, the style
of the work is very good, and more like the
twelfth than later periods. The adoration of
Horus, Lord of the countries, is interesting, and
seems to point to a conqueror in the twelfth
rather than to the limited sovereignty of the later
dynasties. The representation of hawks as regular
supporters of the royal shield is not often seen.
Altogether this is a curious monument, and makes
us regret the insatiable egotism of its usurper.

To the twelfth dynasty also must be attributed
the two great red granite sphinxes ; one remain-
ing at San (Plan, 51), broken in several pieces,
and without the face, and the fellow, which is
now the most striking object in the gallery of
the Louvre. These sphinxes have passed through
many appropriations, but they were executed in
the twelfth dynasty, to judge by the fineness of
the work, and the treatment of the details. On
the chest of the sphinx in the Louvre may be
seen traces of the so-called banner of a king, with
a hawk above it. A fragment of the end of a
sickle may be also distinguished on it, and this
shows that it must be attributed to Amenemhat II.
or Usertesen II. In the inscription (14 d) is
shown the trace of the end of the standard, and
of the lines of hair appearing in the midst of the
later cartouche. The next name is that of the
Hyksos Apepi (see De Roug^, Notice des Monu-
ments . . au Musee du Louvre, p. 22), of which
I could only see the inscription (14 f) on the
right side of the base ; there is also an erased
Hyksos inscription, beginning with " Sutekh," on
the right shoulder. After this Merenptah appro-
priated it, cutting out the earlier names with his

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TAXIS.

usaal bratalitj, and placing his cartouches on the
right shoulder (14 c). FinaUy, Sheshonk I. — the
great Shishak — occupied the left shoulder with
his cartouches (14 e), and cut a long inscription
all round the base (14 a, 14 b). The tip of the
nose has been broken off and mended anciently,
as there is a drill-hole in the surface where the
piece has been affixed. The sphinx at San is
more damaged, but there is evidence of its equal
antiquity in the titles of an erased name by the
left hind paw (15 a); these are cut with much
fineness, and can hardly be attributed to a later
time than the thirteenth djmasty, and yet they
are on a defaced surface, showing that some
earlier name has been erased. This seems to
show that appropriation began as early as the
thirteenth dynasty. After that Merenptah of
course appropriated it with an inscription (15 b)
on the left shoulder (so that both sphinxes
showed his inscription to the spectator on
approaching the temple), and Siamen followed
his example by adding an inscription of his own
by the side of it. It is curious to see how a
good piece of old work would exercise an in-
fluence on later sculptors, and how the kings
whose work is but rude if standing alone, have
their names executed with almost the fineness of
the earlier styles when the engraver had the early
work alongside of his own. Sheshonk I. appro-
priated the base of this sphinx like the other,
and perhaps also the right shoulder, but that
part is now destroyed. One paw of this sphinx
was taken by Mariette to the Bulak Museum.

There is also a smaUer sphinx in red granite,
very much weathered, and without any inscrip-
tion visible. The fore-paws are broken off, and
lie beside it, in the temple, near the sandstone
shrines. From the work, it seems not improbable
that this belongs also to the twelfth dynasty.

12. Turning now to the dark period after the
twelfth dynasty, the first monuments that we find
are two statues of Sebakhotep III. of the thirteenth
dynasty ; one in the Louvre, the other still at San
(Plan, 102). That in the Louvre is stated by

De Roxig^ in the Notice Sommaire (1879, p. 37),
to be from Tell Basta, or from Thebes ; but in the
Notice des Monuments (1880, p. 16), to be most
probably from San. Considering that it is an exact
duplicate of that now at San, and that there is
similarly a pair of statues of Mermashau, it
seems most likely to have come from here. The
inscription on the San statue is the more perfect ;
and the statue is only broken across the body,
but is otherwise in good condition. It shows
well the style of that period, both in the thinness
and elegance of the figure, and in the hieroglyphs,
which have not a flat bottom, but are cut deeper
just round the outline. The granite is peculiar
in colour, being a brown-pink. These are the
only early statues of San which have not been
appropriated or marked by any later king.

A granite statue of Mentuhotep, son of Sebak-
hotep rV., is said by Brugsch Bey to have been
found at San (Histoire); and a statue of Sebak-
hotep VI., unknown before, is said by Mariette to
have been found here (Kev. Arch., 1862) ; these
figures were reburied by their discoverer, to pre-
serve them.

13. The next monument is an obelisk of Prince
Nehesi (inscr. 19 a; Plan, 198), who is probably
connected with the king Nehesi-ra of the Turin
papyrus (first on fragment 97, No. 278, Konigsb.).
This, though partiaUy above ground, has not
been noticed or pubUshed before, and it is
interesting, as giving the name of a district,
Ro-ahtu, of which Set is called lord. By the
side of this block, on the south side of the sanc-
tuary, is the top of an obeUsk, perhaps the same
as Nehesi's (Plan, 197), with part of a figure of
Ehem, and an inscription (19 e); and in the same
neighbourhood are three fragments of obelisks of
the same style and the same whitish granite
(Plan, 208, 217; 19 b, c, d), which may all belong
to the obelisk of Nehesi.

Next after this come the pair of seated statues
of Mermashau (Plan, 86, 98) ; these are the
largest of the early statues at San, being over
12 feet high, and are executed in black granite

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CHAP. I.-SAN BEFORE THE EMPIRE.

(inscrip. 17b). What the exact historic position
of Mermashau is, does not seem certain. Mariette
supposed him to be a Hyksos king, from his
name, read by Brugsch as Mer-shos-u, or Chief
of the Shos, a name similar to Hak-shos-n, or
Hyksos. But the face is not at all Uke that of
the Hyksos figures, and is closely like that of
Sebakhotep. If, therefore, this reading had
been correct, it would rather seem to refer
to his being the suzerain of the Shasu before
they conquered Egypt. Lieblein identifies him
with the first king of frag. 78 Turin Papyrus (260,
Konigsb.), solely from the Masha there legible,
since merely the Jca is left in the cartouche.
This would place him just before Sebakhotep III.,
but it seems scarcely Ukely from the style, which
is different, and rather inferior. There is an-
other king of the Turin Papyrus to whom this
may be referred, Ra smen . . . . , the last of
frag. 101. On the whole, this latter may be the
more likely, from two small considerations : first,
Apepi inscribed this alone of all the statues,
and hence it may probably be the last statue
before his time; and secondly, it is of grey
granite, more alike to the Hyksos figures than to
any other work at San. On the right shoulder
of each of the statues Apepi has inscribed his
cartouches and titles : nuter nofer Ra-ua-a-akh-taui
(or dbtaui or qenen) si ra Apapuj ta ankh^ meri
sutekh (inscr. 17 c) (PI. xiii. 6). On the side and
back of each statue, Bamessu has added his name
and titles, copying and modifying the old group of
the two Niles with the lotus and papyrus, and
introducing also Neshem and Uati ; on the lower
inscription of the side, we find the name of Sutekh
spelled full length.

14. A fragment of the feet of a similar statue
is lying in front of the pylon ; it has had an
inscription, now entirely cut out, by the side
of the feet, as is shown by the hollow and by
the incompletion of the bows beneath the feet.
A Bamesside inscription appears on the front.

At Bulak there is also a statue of the

thirteenth or fourteenth dynasty, appropriated by
Bamessu II., brought by Mariette from San.

An obelisk of a king unknown in the lists, Aa-
a-ark-ra, was found during Mariette's excavations,
and carefully re-buried, so that I did not light
upon it in clearing the stones this year. A copy
of the inscription, as shown in Mon. Div. pi. 103,
is given here in inscrip. 20 a, b, c, d. It appears
to commemorate the king, and his mother Per....;
and the formula, mennu-ferij is the same as occurs
on the obelisk of Nehesi.

Among the lesser obelisks in the temple are
two (Plan, 117, 136) which are palimpsests, Ba-
messu II. having erased the older inscription, in
order to appropriate them. I have copied what
figures I could see in slanting sunlight, and from
these copies and photographs the inscriptions 21 a
and 21 b are here given. The palimpsest can
only be traced clearly on just the top of two sides
of one obeUsk ; but there are the signs of erasures
in the irregular surfaces of the rest of this and
the fellow obelisk. The Bamesside inscription,
though of course by far the plainest, is here only
outlined, while the older inscription is entered in
full as far it can be traced. There appears to
have been a deep hole in the middle of the top
of each fece of the two obelisks, but it can hardly
be the ra of a cartouche, as it comes too close
to part of a banner name on 21 b ; perhaps it
was for affixing some metal work. On 21 a
there was a group of a king offering to a
god; and on 21 b we can see fragments of in-
scription mentioning Ba, and, Tennu, probably
from the title of Tum. Once again we must
execrate the destructions of the nineteenth dynasty.
Seeing that two obelisks have been certainly re-
worked, we may thus understand how some of the
other obelisks of San (Plan, 163, 167, 168), in-
scribed by Bamessu 11., come to have their pecu-
liar shape. They are rounded on the faces of the
pyramidion, and their extreme apices have been
in separate pieces, fastened on with groove and
tongue. Now this device is wholly unnecessary,
in order to get a foot or two more length, since

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10

TANIS.

these are all small obelisks, under twenty feet,
while there are many other obelisks here all in
one piece of forty to fifty feet in length. The
explanation seems to be that these are old
obelisks, like that of Prince Nehesi, and with
designs like the old obeUsk (inscrip. 13) ; and
that these, having been damaged, and the points
broken, were re-cut by Ramessu II. ; adding a
new point dovetailed on, rather than cut the
whole end down ; and curving the pyramidal face
in order to swallow some of the side, and so
make a triangle large enough for the Ramesside
scenes of offerings, which took up more room
than the older designs.

Amongst the chaos of blocks in the sanctuary
are two very remarkable pieces, apparently parts
of two false doors of red granite. The larger
door (Plan, 180; inscr. 22) has just a fragment
of the edge of the inscription on its centre panel
remaining, and from the style of the work and
the separation of the pet and tam, it would seem
more likely to belong to the twelfth than to any
later dynasty. But the other fragment (Plan, 1 83 ;
inscr. 23) is more important. It is part of a
regular sepulchral false door, and therefore sug-
gests that it belonged to a royal tomb at San ;
if so, some early kings buried at San have been
disinterred, and their sepulchres destroyed. On
the defaced drum can be seen traces of the upper
and under lines of a cartouche, and two i's, which
probably belonged to the regular royal title.
Another fragment (Plan, 152 ; inscr. 24) of the
end of an early inscription (the block of which
was reversed and used by Ramessu II.) seems as
if it had belonged to a very large scene enclosed
in the pet and tam.

15. A pair of sphinxes may be here described,
the original age of which is somewhat uncertain.
One is now in the Louvre, the central object in
the gallery, at the end next to the staircase ; and
the other is in the garden of the Bulak Museum,
with a plaster imitation facing it. These sphinxes
have the hair dressed in quite a different way to
that on the great pair of sphinxes of the twelfth.

or the smaller sphinxes of the Hyksos dynasty.
Instead of a close mass of short locks, it is repre-
sented by parallel Unes, running in curves, like
the sea-shading round the coast in maps; and
there is a long pointed and curved lap of hair
on the shoulders. These are certainly older than
Ramessu II., since his name is over an erasure ;
and De Roug6 compares the style of that in the
Louvre to the statue of Sebakhotep III. They
are very different from the larger sphinxes, both
originally, and in their later history; and the
pointed lock of hair is Uke that on a sphinx
which I discovered last year at Tell Khatanah.
It is, however, remarkable that there is no Hyksos
inscription erased from the shoulder, no Hyksos
inscription on the base, and the chest inscription
(which is erased) has not had a large hawk over it,
as on the great sphinx. Ramessu II. appropriated
these sphinxes by cutting his names over the erasure
on the chest (25 c), but the erasure is not deep, and
hence the original inscription must have been but
lightly cut. He also put his names and a long
inscription around the base (25 a, 25 b), in which
he is said to be ** like his father Ptah,** and
'* beloved of Set." Afterwards Merenptah placed
his names on the right shoulder (25 d). These
inscriptions are from the Louvre sphinx. This
closes the pre-Hyksos monuments known to belong
to San.

16. The monuments of the Hyksos are among
the most curious in Egypt ; and it is to San
that we owe the greater number of those brought
to light. They are all distinguished by an entirely
different type of face to any that can be found on
other Egyptian monuments, a type which cannot
be attributed to any other known period ; and it
is therefore all the more certain that they belong
to the foreign race whose names they bear.
Another peculiarity is that they are without ex-
ception executed in black or dark grey granite ;
no monument of this type is known in other
material. Such cannot be said of any other
epoch, and this alone may serve as a useful test
. of the originality of any supposed Hyksos monu-

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CHAP. I.— SAN BEFORE THE EMPIRE.

11

ment. The cause of this is not hard to see;
they were a race who only held the Delta, and
occasionally more or less of middle Egypt. They
had no command of the red granite quarries of
Assuan, which were retained by the crippled
power of the native rulers ; and hence the black
granite was the only hard material accessible to
them. Whether it came from Sinai, or from
the Hammamat district is not certain. Signor
Lanzone assured me that he had seen the quarries
of black granite in the Wady Hammamat ; but it
seems more probable that the Hyksos would
obtain their stone from a district over which they
had more control in Sinai.

The most pecuhar monument of this people is
the group of two men, with bushy plaited hair and
long beards ; they stand with a tray of offerings in
front of them, on which lie fishes, with papyrus
plants hanging around. The details are beauti-
fully worked, the flowers and buds being most
deUcately wrought. Pisebkhanu afterwards ap-
propriated this monument, which came from the
southern side of the axis of the temple, and is
now in Bulak. A similar group existed on the
northern side, and fragments of it remain
there. The other Hyksos remains of Tanis are
the black granite sphinxes. These have been
often described, and further details are hardly
needed. They have the flat, massive, muscular,
lowering face, with short whiskers and beard
around it, the lips being shaven; and the hair
is in a mat of thick short locks descending over
the whole chest, a style copied from the great
sphinxes of the twelfth dynasty. There are at
Bulak parts of two sphinxes, one nearly complete,
and of the other only the fore-part. These have
erased Hyksos inscriptions on the right shoulders,
inscriptions of Merenptah also on the shoulders ;
an inscription of Ramessu on the front of the base,
and of Merenptah on the side of the base ; and
an inscription of Pisebkhanu on the chests of both.
At San, in a group (PI. xiii. 5) on the north side of
the axis of the temple, there remains the fore-part
of a sphinx, with erased Hyksos inscription on the

shoulder (Plan, 72) ; inscription of Ramessu II.
on the front of the base (28 b), and on the left
side (28 e) ; names of Merenptah on the right
shoulder (28 d) and on the left (28 e) ; while on
the chest Pisebkhanu cut his name and titles in
very good style (28 c). The fore-part of a second
(Plan, 71) has inscriptions on the shoulders and
chest almost the same as on the last (29 a and
29 b), and on the left side of the base the inscrip*
tion 29 c. Part of a base of the fore-quarters
of a third (Plan, 74) has on the front the same
inscription as 28 b, but reversed, and on the left
side 30 b, while the chest is the same as 28 c.
The hind-quarters of a fourth sphinx, or of the
third previous (Plan, 73), has the inscription 31 a.
On the south side of the axis is another group of
sphinxes ; a front and back, apparently belonging
together (Plan, 60), have the inscription 26 a on
the side and back, and 26 b on the chest ; show-
ing that it was first inscribed by Ramessu II.,
next by his son Merenptah (who with filial dis-
respect has partly erased his father's name, and
left the work unfinished), and finally by Piseb-
khanu. Of the other sphinx here there are several
pieces (Plan, 61), which seem to belong together;
the inscriptions are, on the hind-quarters, 27 c on
the side, and 27 b on the back; and on the fore-
quarters, 27 A on the base, 27 n on the right
shoulder, 27 e on the left, 27 r on the chest, and
27 G on the remainder of the right shoulder.

There are but few Hyksos monuments found
elsewhere than at San. At IsmaiUyeh are some
sphinxes found at Tell Maskhuta, during the
canal workings; these jye of Hyksos work, in
the same dark grey granite, and of the same style,
as at San. One of these is perfect ; but it has
not only been appropriated by Ramessu II., but
the head has been re-cut, and a Ramesside head
of very good style, but too small for the body,
has been carved out of the old massive Hyksos
head ; also the bushy wig and matted hair on the
chest, so typical of the hated race, has been care-
ftiUy removed, leaving only a shghtly rougher
surface. The sphinxes found with this have been

c 2

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12

TANIS.

similarly appropriated in later times, but are as
much broken up as those at San. The other
Hyksos monuments that are known, are a table
of offerings, found in Cairo, consecrated by Apepa ;
this probably came from Memphis. The upper
part of a colossus of the Hyksos type found at
Kom Faris, near Medinet el Faium ; a similar
figure found on the Esquiline hill at Rome ; and
a monument found at Tell Mokdam, which has
been ascribed to Salatis.

It is to be noticed that the Hyksos inscriptions
are always in a Une down the right shoulder,
never on the left ; and on the great sphinx in
the Louvre the Hyksos name is on the right
side of the base. This honouring of the right
shoulder in this Semitic people, is analogous to
the particular offering of the right shoulder con-
tinually enjoined in the Jewish law (Ex. xxix, 22;
Lev. vii. 32, 33; viii. 25, 26 ; ix. 21 ; Numb, xviii.
18). The Egyptians missed this idea, and in-
scribed either side indifferently, showing no pre-
ference for the left, which was their side of honour.

The arrangement of the temple before Ramessu
II. cannot even be guessed, as he made such an
entire remodelling of the place, that the older
work can only be described in isolated pieces, as
in the preceding pages.

CHAPTER II.
SAN UNDER THE EMPIRE, T'AAN.

17. Having now arrived at the Ramesside
period, it becomes possible to give some con-
nected outline of the architectural arrangements
of the great temple, leaving aside for the present
all detailed description of the monuments. Of
the eighteenth dynasty there is no trace at San,
a fact which is supposed by some persons to point
to the continuance of the Hyksos here until
the conquests of Ramessu H.

The entrance to the temple was from the west,
the side on which the river flows at about half a
mile distant; and it does not appear that the

course of the river has changed, at least since
Roman times, judging by the position of the
mounds. As far as 430 feet in front of the pylon
I found a rough pavement of small blocks of
stone, five feet below the present surface, or
about sixteen feet above low Nile level. A hun-
dred feet nearer the temple the pavement was
again found ; and at a hundred feet nearer still,
or about 230 feet in front of the pylon, the pave-
ment was found once more with remains of two red
granite colossi of Ramessu II. On the south side of
the axis Ues one statue (Plan, 1), broken off at
the knees, from which it is eleven feet long, in a
standing position, holding a long staff at the right
side, much hke the usual statues of Ramessu's son
Merenptah: while on the north side is a block
of the base of a figure (Plan, 2), and a leg lying
near it proves that there must have been a
second statue in this position. It does not seem
likely that Sheshonk HI., in his rebuilding of the
place, would have re-erected a pair of colossi of
Ramessu, and still less likely that they would be
set out in this position, so far in front of the
pylon; and that they originally stood here is
shown by the parts of two separate statues being
found together, on opposite sides of the axis. It
is therefore probable that Ramessu II. himself
placed these colossi here (perhaps in the end of
his reign, as the style is more like Merenptah*s),
and that these were the advance guard of the
temple precincts, from which some wall or avenue
led up to the pylon. Beneath the statues and
this pavement there lies over the sand nine and a
half feet of made soil, with a line of large drain
pipes, running down towards the river, below the
roadway. This drain is formed of a number of
cyUndrical jars, their ends are cut out, and they
are placed one in the other, so that there are
three thicknesses in some parts. Nearer the river
no drain was found, and the sand was not reached,
the water-level standing at eleven and twelve feet
below the pavement: how deep the made soil
extends is therefore unknown here.

18. At about thirty-eight feet in front of

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CHAP. II.— SAN UNDER THE EMPIRE.

13

the pylon is the foundation of a limestone
wall (Plan, 5) ; this is three courses high, and
seems to have belonged to a structure now
destroyed. It may be either the foundation of
the pylon of Ramessu, or some work in front of
the pylon of Sheshonk, or the foundation for one
of the colossi of Ramessu ; on the whole it seems
most likely to be a fragment of the pylon of
Ramessu, the more so as two limestone slabs
near it are of that period. There is no other
trace visible that can be attributed to what we
may be sure was a grand piece of work, the pylon
placed by Ramessu II. before the great temple ;
though we can guess its magnificence by com-
paring the granite colossi (Plan, 7, 9) which
stood before it, with those of the Theban pylons.
These colossi when perfect were monoliths
twenty-two feet high, representing the king
standing in the conventional attitude.* They
doubtless were placed in front of the pylon of
Ramessu, and were set up again in a slightly
different position before the pylon of Sheshonk.

What causes led to the entire removal of the
pylon of Ramessu II. we cannot now say; certain
it is that, except the few blocks of limestone
mentioned above, there does not remain a frag-
ment of the work, as the very foundation stones
of the present pylon are the ruins of far different
works of Ramessu, utilized by Sheshonk III. Most
probably the first pylon was built of limestone ;
and during the troubled times between the fall of
the Ramessides and the rise of the Bubastites
it had been destroyed for the sake of building
materials, and removed to other places.f

♦ The reason for the left leg being always advanced may
perhaps be found in the fact that Egyptians always read
from right to left, unless symmetry required a reversal;
thus the left legs, as being the further legs, of aU the figures
of bas-reliefs require to be advanced, and hence the left leg
forward might become the traditional attitude, even apart
irom the left being the side of honour.

t To this day San is the quarry of all the neighbourhood ;
every time stone is wanted for a mosque, or tomb, or a house,
the Arabs wander over the ruins, hammer ini hand; and
thus aU fragments of statues and every block of deavable

Somewhere in the neighbourhood of the pylon
stood the great colossus of the second founder of
the city, Ramessu II. ; where it was placed can
only be guessed by the position of the fragments ;
but as no pieces of it are found in the hall or
the temple, and sixteen blocks at least can be
identified as having been cut firom it for the con-
struction of the later pylon, it seems certain that
it was near the entrance. How a single statue
of such immense size could be placed, without
destroying the symmetry of the buildings, is not
clear ; the colossi of Amenhotep III. at Thebes
are a pair, as are those at the pylons of Kamak ;
the colossus of Ramessu at the Ramesseum was
seated, and did not therefore present the same
difficulty, as it was placed in a court of the
building and thus would form a centre of itself,
and turn the axis of arrangement round to the
side rather than the ends of the court. But here
we have to deal with a statue between eighty and
a hundred feet high, which had only a very thin
pedestal included in the block, and would require
a built pedestal in addition beneath it. How
this could be disposed of in the arrangement of a
building which does not seem to have exceeded
half this height J is not settled by any existing
cases; the statue must have stood up with its
whole body above the surrounding buildings,
defying all attempts at symmetry; for no one,
I suppose, will risk the theory of there having
been a pair of such figures. A Roman would
doubtless have put such a statue on the top of
the pylon ; but we cannot suppose an Egyptian
placing it either thus, or in the middle of thQ
roadway. Perhaps it had a separate enclosure in
a court on one side of the pylon; and if the lime-
stone foundation mentioned before were part of
the Ramesside pylon, then the inner side of it
may have been a hundred feet from the beginning

stone is carried off by the boat-load. This explains how in
aU the Delta temples nothing but granite is now to be found.
X The monolithic columns of the haU are 36 feet high, and
with the architraves would not have been as high as the
obelisks, the tallest of which is 49 feet.

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14

TANIS.

of the hall, thus leaving room for a court fairly
proportionate to the statue. (For the details of
the colossus, see § 28.)

The present pylon, as I have said, was entirely
built by Sheshonk III. (pi. xv. 1) ; and the account
of the sculptures will be given further on in
chronological order (in the second memoir),
but we may here note its construction. It
appears to have been built largely out of the frag-
ments of the colossus of Ramessu, supplemented
with various other blocks appropriated from the
earlier buildings, such as an architrave, a sand-
stone obelisk, and a large historical stele. The
heap of fallen blocks lies so much to the southern
side, that during some weeks I was cutting through
the ponderous ruins so as to ascertain their
nature. All the blocks I found to he on the
surface of the ground, or what was the surface in
early Arab times, and beneath them is a bed of
accumulated mud and dust, derived from the
disintegration of the great wall, such as has also
covered nearly all the temple area. No outer
sides of the walls of the pylon are to be found,
and hence the present granite walls of the passage
were either backed with limestone, or else they
cased over the ends of the mud-brick enclosure
wall of the temple. In either case it was the de-
struction of the backing of the granite, by plun-
derers, or by weather, that exposed the granite
faces of the passage to ruin; and it was probably
as late as Arab times that the walls finally fell
into their present dilapidation. The pavement
of the pylon, which stretches out about twenty-
seven feet in front of it, is composed of earUer
blocks, including pieces of the great granite
colossus, propped up with the stones of Ra-
messu II. ; thus the whole of the Ramesside
pylon must have been stripped away before
Sheshonk III. The present pavement is twenty-
three feet above low Nile, or seven feet above
the limestone pavement nearer the river.

19. Beyond the pylon, from about fifty to a
hundred and fifty feet further in, stood an avenue of

columns, of which but few remain. These were
monoliths, the shaft and capital being all in one
piece. They were original works of Ramessu II. ;
and some later king has begun to appropriate
them by cutting out the mes-s-su from the second
cartouche. As no later king had the name Ra-user-
ma sotep-en-ra excepting Sheshonk III., it was pro-
bably that king who altered these columns ; if so,
the Ra in the second cartouche would need to be
altered to Bast. In the Plan may be seen one
perfect column (39), a base (41), and the column
belonging to it (42) with the capital broken off,
and half of another column (43), of which the
capital is also attached. The whole monoliths
were thirty-five and a half, and thirty-six, feet
high, and the bases three feet one inch high.
At the end of this hall stood a pair of obelisks
(43, 47) the bases of which (45, 46) are lying
not far from their original places. The cele-
brated trilingual decree of San was found at the
spot marked (48). It had been known to a
Maltese dealer for some time before the visit
of Lepsius, and offered by description to more
than one person : he had moved it and left
it partly uncovered, and it is said that he sat
on it and refused to move until paid to do
so by Lepsius ; also that Lepsius was intending
to move it, and the government hearing of this
sent down a party of soldiers to seize it. How-
ever these things may be, I only repeat what
I was told, as Herodotus says. Finding the
tablet at this spot does not at all show that
Ptolemy III. placed it there ; especially as the
level of it is at the stratum of the Roman period,
and not a trace of other monuments was found
in the trenches that I cut on each side of the spot.
It seems probable that this tablet was placed in the
Ptolemaic temple, of which I found the pavement
and a large inscribed block outside the great wall
of the older temple on the south. It is certain
that considerable works were carried on in later
times at San about the site of the tablet, as the
great well and staircase (Plan, 40) show us, and the
tablet was probably carried off from the temple for

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CHAP. II.— SAN UNDER THE EMPIRE.

15

the same reason that the greater part of the temple
itself was removed, being made of that unhappily
convertible material, limestone. Beyond this part
there seems to have been a blank space for about
a hundred and fifty feet, in which no monuments
have been found, although partly cleared by
Mariette, and trenched through, down to the
sand, by myself.

20. The next objects that were placed across
the temple were the two colossal sphinxes, origin-
ally of the twelfth dynasty (§11), and appro-
priated by the Hyksos (southern one. Plan, 51).
Ramessu did not deface them further, but placed
them as guardians at the entrance of the tem-
ple proper, facing each other, with their sides
toward the hall and pylon. Then Merenptah
cut his cartouches on the sides (inscripts. 14 e,
15 b), facing the pylon; thus placing the name
on the right shoulder of one, and on the left
shoulder of the other. Siamen added his name
by the side of Merenptah's on the southern
sphinx (inscript. 15 b), and finally Sheshonk I.
appropriated the bases of both the sphinxes
(inscripts. 14 a, 14 b, 15 c). Where the other two
sphinxes of less colossal size were placed (§ 15)
is not apparent, as both have been removed from
San ; most likely they were near the larger pair.

These sphinxes flanked the way to an avenue of
obelisks, four pairs of which stood within a length
of a hundred and fifty feet. Of the first pair only
one remains, on the northern side (Plan 49,
base 50) ; and between this and the second pair
stood two sandstone colossi of Kamessu 11., of
which inscribed fragments only remain of the
southern (54), while but a block or two of sand-
stone suggest that a northern companion to it
existed here. The second pair of obelisks have
fared badly, the northern (57) — ^which was oblong
in plan — ^is much broken, and the southern (58)
lies in two parts, the larger portion having had
one face entirely cut away, and a row of holes
made in the side for some later structural purpose.
Between the second and third pair of obelisks
stood another pair of sandstone colossi twenty.

seven and a half feet high (68, 69), includmg a
base of two feet; while near these, on either side,
lay the black Hyksos sphinxes, now heaped to-
gether by some later destroyer, without any
semblance of their original order (60, 61,
71 — 74). Some other small monuments stood in
this neighbourhood ; a large hand protecting
a king, probably Ramessu II., carved in red
granite (67); a sphinx in red granite (64); a
half-kneeling figure (of Ramessu II. ?) (75) ; and
perhaps also here the grey granite statue of
Merenptah (70), and a grey granite kneeling
statue of Ramessu III., which Ues near that.
Between the third pair of obeUsks (59, 76) and
the fourth pair (62, 77) stood, on either side, a
shrine cut in a single block of quartzite sandstone
nine feet long.* Of the southern shrine only the
upper part of the back remains (63), but the
northern one (80) is nearly perfect. For some
distance, about the middle of the avenue, are many
blocks of a pavement of basalt; these perhaps
belonged to the old temple ; they came from Abu
Zabel apparently, like the Great Pyramid basalt.
21. Beyond this avenue of obelisks and monu-
ments the great historical series of royal statues
stood in a line across the temple. That they
were not arranged in chronological order is
certain, since Sebakhotep III. comes between
Amenemhat I. and Usertesen I. ; and all that we
can do is to give their roll of names : — Twelfth
Dtjnasty. — ^Amenemhat I. (Plan, 103); Usertesen I.
(101) ; Amenemhat H. (97) ; Usertesen II. (84) ;
Nofert, his wife, (Bulak); two princesses, his
daughters (?) (85, 99); Usertesen IH. (?) (87).
Thirteenth Dynasty. — Sebakhotep III., two colossi
(102 and Louvre); Mentuhotep, son of Sebakhotep
III. ; Sebakhotep VI. ; an unknown king (Bulak) ;
and Murmashau, two colossi (86 and 98). Fif-
teen statues in all were thus placed by Ramessu
II., of which he appropriated one for himself and
one for his mother, and to which he added four ot

♦ This seems to be the " chapel resembling a sarcophagus *'
of a " granulous kind of alabaster," mentioned in the rather
confused account in Baedecker's Egypt (p. 444).

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TANI9.

himself (81, 82 and two at Bulak), besides a group
of the youthful king protected by a deity, of which
only the king's head remains. These statues were
placed facing towards the entrance ; this is shown
by the northern statue of Murmashau having the
added inscription of Ramessu II. on its own left
side, and the southern statue having the inscrip-
tion on its own right side, i.e. on the two sides
seen on going up the middle of the temple,
leaving the two outer sides plain. These sta-
tues have all been overthrown, by doubtless the
same causes as all the rest of the monuments
here, obeUsks, colossi, and others. The covet-
ousness of builders has always placed a pre-
mium on limestone, which has led to its being
abstracted from beneath every monument in the
place ; and though we cannot doubt that all the
temple had a fine Umestone pavement, such as we
now may see buried under eight or ten feet of
earth at the eastern end, yet every stone in this
part has been broken away and carried ofi*, leaving
only a mass of chips, which were removed by
Mariette, and now he in heaps on either side of
the excavation.

22. Beyond these statues stood two early
obelisks from which Ramessu II. had erased the
original inscriptions (117, 136), and which in
turn had been broken up and used for building
material by later despoilers : they were over
thirty-two feet high, judging by the more perfect
one. About this region must have existed many
structures, principally of limestone, now entirely
destroyed. We see the traces of these in the
many blocks of granite, left strewing the ground
on both sides, and in the door-lintel of Siamen
(138). There also existed courts here of Ra-
messu II., as is shown not only by the numerous
blocks with his name, but by the jamb of a small
pylon (134), about eight feet high, with figures
of Ptah and Mut; and by lintels of doorways
bearing his name (147, 128, 129, 130). In
these courts probably were placed the two altars
of ofiferings which remain at 105 and 115. Also

to the north of this, at the place where two
trenches join together in one wide clearance (see
plan) many fragments of a chamber, with a
starred roof and painted with red and blue, were
found. No name occurred with them, but, from
the style, they seemed to be between the twentieth
and twenty-sixth dynasties ; and a piece of the
top edge of a granite shrine was also found there,
which seemed to be of about the time of the
twenty-sixth or a later dynasty. Probably this
chamber was built under the twenty-second or
twenty.fifth dynasty, both of which have left other
remains here. Seti II. also did some work, as
one block (141) bears his names ; and Tahraka
added one large stela (the lower part of which was
dicovered by Mariette and translated by De Rouge,
the upper being discovered this year), and ap-
parently a second inscription on a cut-up colunm
of Ramessu II.

From this region on towards the sanctuary there
lie the ruins of a great wall ; only the inscribed
blocks are shown in the plan, and there are many
others beside these along the line from block 145
to 162. Granite alone is left here (beside one
block of sandstone, 143), and all the blocks are
utterly confused, owing apparently to having
been overturned in the course of removing the
Umestone, which formed part of the wall. As
this wall is but fifteen feet south of the axis of
the temple, it would seem probable that there was
a similar wall (but built nearly all of limestone)
at the same distance north of the axis, forming a
passage, thirty feet wide, up to the sanctuary.
Perhaps the fragments of obelisks, etc., 129 to
135, may be remains of this wall, as those blocks
have been re-used. The block of sandstone or
quartzite (143) is important, as it seems to show
two rebuildings after Ramessu II. The quality
of the stone is that used by Ramessu, and not
like that of the twelfth dynasty, and the style of
a figure on it is Ramesside ; but after it had served
its original purpose this stone was placed as a
threshold, much worn, and deeply grooved by a
sUding body, probably a door running on metal

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CHAP. II.— SAN UNDER THE EMPIRE.

17

bosses ; after that it was re-used again for building
purposes, as is shown by a scrap of mortar in
a hollow of the stone. The use of this block for
a threshold we may attribute to Siamen, but the
later use of it in building most probably is due to
Pisebkhanu, as there is no trace of the twenty-
second dynasty in the temple itself.

In front of the sanctuary stood two pairs of
obelisks (163, 167, w pair ; 168, one of e pair),
which had apparently belonged to the old king-
dom and were re- worked by Ramessu II. (§ 14).
These have been broken up, and very probably
used for building material.

23. The front of the sanctuary was, in the
time of Siamen and his successors, covered with
a colonnade ; and though that appears to have
been erected from ruins, yet as the columns are
as old as Kamessu II., and some even of the
twelfth dynasty, it seems probable that there
always was a colonnade in front of the sanctuary.

Of the twelfth dynasty there remain the
grouped lotus columns of which the fragments
are marked on the Plan (181, 184, 185, 223,
224, 213 and 216), the finest of these (181)
still retains its original polish. The Rames-
side columns are circular, and surrounded with
groups of figures, representing Ramessu and
the gods ; the fragments of these are marked on
the Plan (176, 231, 232, 199, 203, 204, 205,
206). But no bases remain of any earlier date
than Siamen, and hence it seems likely that the
older colonnade had been destroyed (perhaps
for the sake of some limestone in its construction)
at the same time as the pylon of Ramessu.

The bases of Siamen (186, 187), which bear
his name and titles around them, are made out of
earUer Ramesside works, as on the under side of
the northern base is part of ail inscription of
Ramessu II. ofiering to Shu ; and from the size
of it and thickness of the block, it seems as if
this had originally been part of the wall of the
sanctuary. Another base (192), probably to be
assigned to Siamen, is made out of the base of

an obelisk, as is shown by the groove on it, which
always occurs on the bases of obelisks (see 50,
56, 78, 79, 175, 273, 277). This colonnade
seems as if it had been partly in ruins again in the
time of Pisebkhanu, or later, as there are two or
more unfinished blocks of cornice, left with the
lugs for lifting them still on the faces. 236
shows these lugs on the sloping edge ; and 166 is
a comer piece, with similar lugs on the sloping
edges, which meet. These blocks are forty-four
and forty-nine and a half inches thick. That
these pieces of cornice are later than Siamen, is
shown by an inscription of Siamen on the under
side (which was originally the upper side) of 236,
which is needlessly cut into by the crab-holes for
lifting the block : we must therefore attribute this
second rebuilding more probably to Pisebkhanu (as
he largely decorated the temple), rather than to the
pylon-builder, Sheshonk III., whose name is not
found on any other remains here. The comer of
the cornice lying close to the axis of the temple
is remarkable, and, combined with the extra size
of the two bases on each side of the entrance
(186, 187), suggests that the colonnade was
broken, and did not extend across the passage,
but only in front of the dead-wall of the sanctuary.
Of the sanctuary itself the remains are so
scattered that it would be impossible to restore it
with certainty. It was probably about forty feet
square, and the individual blocks show that the
wall was of one piece to a height of 11 feet
9 inches (No. 169), and varied from 25 to 46
inches in thickness ; the widths of the blocks are
9 feet 3 inches (No. 169) to a broken edge, and
more clearly 6 feet 2 inches up to half the scene
on 213, giving 12 feet 6 inches for the whole
width. Probably the widths varied according to
circumstances, but about twelve feet would be
fairly suitable to the height of nearly the same
amount. This would give a weight of over twenty
tons for each block. Some of the blocks (as
213) show a projecting top on the inner side;
that block is 39 inches thick, but at 37 inches
below the top the thickness increases to 47 inches.

D

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TANIS.

The outside of the walls of the sanctuary were
covered with representations of Ramessu II.
oflfering to various gods, of whom Ptah and Ra
can be still seen. These figures were about life
size, varying from 65 to 77 inches high. Of the
inside of the sanctuary we know no details, and
can only say that it was adorned by Siamen
with plates of gold bearing his name (Bulak),
and a bronze sphinx with his name inlaid in gold
(Louvre) ; and by Pisebkhanu with blue pottery
tablets, and small tablets made of a paste of
granite powder mixed with clay (?), bearing his
cartouche (Bulak and Brit. Museum).

24. Around the sanctuary many monuments
appear to have been grouped ; though their
original emplacement by Ramessu II. is rendered
doubtful by the fact that they have been nearly
all re-used again in later times, probably by
Siamen and Pisebkhanu. Of the great historical
stelsB there remain, 1st, the upper part of the stele
of 400 3'ears (now buried) ; 2nd, the largest stele
(161), which was 15 feet 10 inches high, 11 feet
5 inches wide, and 3 feet thick, weighing about
38 tons, and which is now broken in two pieces ;
3rd, a stele (214) which was 71x24 inches,
now broken in two pieces; 4th, a stele (196)
which was 72 x about 24, and 122 high, now in
three pieces, besides one missing; 5th, a stele (215)
which is over 50 wide, over 17^ thick, and of which
only the bottom remains; 6th, a stele (190)
which is 17^ thick, only the bottom remaining;
7th, a stele (242), of which (243) is probably the
base, 60 wide and 21 thick ; 8th, a stele (8) in the
pylon, unbroken, but the face nearly all weathered
away, 112 high, 70 wide, and about 28 thick;
and, besides these, there remain fragments scat-
tered in the sanctuary which may belong to other
stelsB. What renders the recovery of these monu-
ments hopeless, is the fact that many of them, in-
cluding the larger ones, have scaled off so much
by weathering that the inscriptions are gone, and
only rough outlines of the figures on the upper
parts can be seen. The great stele is entirely

weathered on both sides, only just the names of
the gods on the top of the lower side remaining
legible. Besides this there is proof positive that
many of them, perhaps all, were cut up for build-
ing purposes in later times ; the broken and
shifted state of the parts, the holes cut in them,
the mortar sticking in the inscriptions, all show
that Siamen or Pisebkhanu used up these great
monuments — and not without some reason, con-
sidering how much decomposed and how illegible
many of them were at the time. The celebrated
*^ tablet of 400 years," called so from its being
dated 400 years after the era of Nubti, was
carefully reburied by its discoverers, and hence I
did not light upon it in working, as I did not
search the clean sand for monuments which would
only be there if recently hidden. Not having seen
it, I cannot judge whether any of the portions of
stelfiB in the sanctuary belong to it ; but from the
many pieces of which we cannot find the corres*
ponding parts, it does not seem at all likely that we
should be able to recover all the fragments of any
monument after it had been broken up for buildir^g
materials, as these have been. Besides the series
of stelsB, there are two pillars (244, 248-9), which
have been covered with inscriptions, and do not
seem as if intended for a structural purpose, but are
rather types of a monument intermediate between
a column and an obehsk. That they did not
support any roof seems probable from their height :
(244) is 203 inches long and 41 square (or 10
cubits X 2 cubits); and the two pieces of the other
pillar (248-249) are 242 inches in total length. As
no other pillars of this height or size remain, and
even these two are different in height, they pro-
bably were not part of the structure of the sanc-
tuary. The larger pillar (248-9) has a double
row of inscription down each face, which was
originally cut by Ramessu 11. ; after being much
weathered, it was used for building in later
times, as may be seen by the mortar in the
cartouches. The other pillar (244) has an in-
teresting series of 16 scenes on it of Ramessu
offering to various gods, of whom Ptah, Khnum,

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CHAP. IL— SAN UNDER THE EMPIRE.

19

Ra, Sutekh, Har, Shu, Seb, and Sutekh of Upper
Egypt, may be still seen.

There is an unusually small obelisk on the
north of the sanctuary (241), which was apparently
an original work of Ramessu; it is only 15 inches
wide. At (175) is a base of an obelisk, with
inscriptions of Siamen added on the sides. There
are several large architrave blocks lying here,
(240, 247, 200, 194, &c.); these perhaps belonged
to the roofing or to the colonnade of the sanctuary.
The re- worked obelisk of Ramessu U. (261) seems
by its place as if it was one of a pair of small
obelisks at the back of the sanctuary.

25. There do not seem to be any remains
between the group of blocks just behind the
sanctuary, and the pair of obelisks at the east end.
At (269) is the head and chest of a figure of
Ramessu II. in red granite ; and at (279) a fragment
of the base of a statue in black granite, with
traces of an inscription of the twelfth dynasty
by the side of the feet, and of a Ramesside in-
scription on the front, but this has doubtless
been removed from the line of early statues.
The base of the southern obelisk (277) has
apparently not been moved, or but slightly so;
while the base of the northern (273) is somewhat
tipped over. On cutting into the accumulated
earth the original limestone pavement of the temple
was found on both sides ; on the north side (274)
it is made of earlier blocks, as one stone bears the
signs ta ankh on it ; and on the south side the pave-
ment was found in the comer of the enclosure,
with apparently the base of a wall of limestone
around it, marked on the Plan by a black line.

26. The general history of the whole area has
still to be worked out. No early remains were
found in the excavations of 1884, which are
marked on the Plan. At the end of the temple
axis I had a tunnel cut into the wall of crude
bricks. This wall is about 80 feet thick, so by a
tunnel 40 feet long the centre of it was reached.
It proved to be entirely built by Pisebkhanu, every
brick bearing his cartouche stamped upon it. The

highest part of the wall (at the south-east comer)
is still 25 feet high, although it has been much
ruined and washed down by the rains, so that all
the temple area is filled with its mud. If we grant
that it originally averaged 45 feet high, 70 feet
thick, and 3400 feet in length — an estimate rather
under than over the trath — there must have been
over twenty millions of these large bricks stamped
by Pisebkhanu ; the bricks varying from 16-6 to
18-0 long, 8-4 to 8*7 wide, and 5'0 to 6*1 thick.
The temple does not seem to have had any
great enclosure in Ramesside times, as the wall
of Pisebkhanu appears to be a work de novo.
But this great wall certainly went around the
outline marked on the Plan, as the stamped bricks
were found at the north gate, at the north-east
comer, at the east wall, at the south-east comer,
at the excavation by the house (j), and near the
south-west comer. Part of the wall had, how-
ever, been ruined within a few centuries of
its being built, as all the north side, except
a few courses at the base, is built of rather
smaller bricks, inferior in quality, and without
any stamp upon them. As there is no sign
of Ptolemaic or later alteration to the temple, this
rebuilding must belong to some intermediate king,
and it seems most likely to be attributable to
Sheshonk III., who built the great pylon. Why
the wall was so curiously irregular in shape
it is hard to say. The end wall is scrapu-
lously square with the axis of the temple (the
error being within the variations of the work,
certainly not 10' of angle), and the beginning of
the north and south walls from the east wall is prac-
tically parallel to the axis ; but the reasons for
placing the north wall so much further from the
temple than the south wall, and for running the
south wall askew can be only conjectured. In the
north-east comer there is a pavement under about
18 feet of earth, even below the level of the base of
the wall, in which I found a block re-worked with
part of the cartouches of Sheshonk I., II., or III.
This shows that the pavement is of a later time,
and if Pisebkhanu extended his wall as far as this in

D 2

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TANIS.

order to take in this comer, some earlier building
must have existed here. The south wall may
have been built askew either in order to include
some area at the south-west comer, or else to bring
the wall of the west front to an equality on each
side of the pylon.

All over the area, from the temple to the north
gate, there is scarcely any earth on the top of the
original sand island ; the long trench cut there
only going two or three feet deep, though I had
it cut well into the sand. On the east of this, as
stated, there is eighteen feet of mud over a pave-
ment, and the sand drops therefore about twenty
feet down to that point, falling very sharply at a
few feet west of Mariette's excavation (l). If this
sinking has not been excavated, and there seems
no reason for supposing so, then this must have
been a steep sand dune originally. The sand
also falls away, but more gradually, towards the
west ; and at e, where an old house gave a good
opportunity of making a deep hole, we cut down
to the level of the original sand foundation, over
which lies about fifteen feet of mud at this point.
The Koman stratum, marked by pieces of red-
baked bricks, which appear to be characteristic
of late Roman times, is at about four feet down
in all this region north of the hall of columns.
At D some houses adjacent to, but separate from,
the great wall, were cleared, and others at b,
while at a two walls were uncovered ; but in no
case was anything of interest found, beyond a few
clay seals, in a chamber at d. Between b and o
are quantities of chips of lapis lazuli, and other
stones, and about b the ground is thick with
scraps of copper slag : evidently workmen's rub-
bish was thrown away in this district.

At H there is a group of houses built in the
first century, as a coin of Agrippina the younger was
found in one of them ; but nothing of value was
found beyond some fragments of glass and pottery,
and a figure of Bes, the worth of which consists
in their being dated by the coin. On this
northern side of the temple, however, one good
house was found, on the inside of the west wall,

at M. This house had been bumt, and hence
many objects were found in the rains. This is
described in Chap. III. as house No. 15.

Next we should note the remarkable well, num-
bered (40) in the Plan. This well has a long stair-
case descending to it, and is very carefully built
of limestone. It will be more fully described in
the subsequent pubhcation.

On the south side of the temple, a little way
south of column (39), a deep pit sunk down to the
sand island shows that nearly all the accumula-
tion in this part has taken place since Greek
times. At fourteen and a half feet down I picked
out Greek pottery from the strata, at only three
feet above the clean sand of the island. The
houses at k and J appear to be of Ptolemaic age,
and to have been built after the temple was
deserted.

27. We will finish this chapter by a sketch of
the history of the temple area, so far as it can
now be distinguished.

We have already outlined the stractures of
the great Ramessu, of the new dynasty which
rose in this city and adomed it as their capital,
and of the Bubastites, who carried out their
works here on a largeness of scale, and with a
rathlessness of appropriation, worthy of the ego-
tists of the empire. But our knowledge of all
the constractions here can never be anything but
an incomplete guess-work, after the greater part
of the walls, and in some cases the whole of
them, have been carried away, leaving behind
them nothing but mounds of chips. Two cen-
turies, however, after Sheshonk III. had built the
great granite pylon out of the destroyed colossus
and architraves of Ramessu 11., the temple must
still have possessed some dignity, and have had
some care bestowed upon it, as we find that
Tahraka — or Tirhaka — the Ethiopian left here a
granite stele. The lower part of this stele (nine-
teen lines) had been already published by De
Roug^,* but the upper part (seven lines), which I

* See Htudeg sur deg monuments du regne de Tahraka

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CHAP. IT.— SAN UNDER THE EMPIRE.

21

copied and photographed, is still unpublished,
and will appear in the continuation of the chrono-
logical series of inscriptions in the next memoir.
To Tahraka may most probably be attributed the
building, of which the pavement remains, in the
north-east comer of the temple area (between f
and g). From the presence of parts of cartouches
of a Sheshonk upon the stones, we know that this
work must have been constructed when the works
of the twenty-second dynasty (800 B.C.) had
already fallen into desuetude, and were being
destroyed for building material. At the same
time, from the pavement having several feet of
mud accumulated upon it, below the foundations
of a house which was already old in the thirtieth
dynasty, it is certain that we must date it some
centuries before 350 B.C. Thus the date of
Tahraka (or say 670 b.c.) seems about the most
likely period for this erection, of which at present
we only know a portion of the pavement.

It shows, at all events, that a considerable
time after 800 B.C., and probably as late as
600 B.C., the great wall was in fair condition,
and had not become washed down to any serious
extent into the temple area by the rains. This
is, however, the last gleam of honour of the great
temple that we can trace, and it appears to have
gone finally to ruin when Sais became, under the
ascendancy of Psamtik, the capital of the Delta ;
though perhaps its death-blow was given by the
Assyrian conquest and pillage in the latter part
of the reign of Tahraka. During the next two
centuries the rains streamed over the walls around
the deserted temple, and foot after foot of mud
was scoured off them and deposited on the sandy
area within the great enclosure of Pisebkhanu.
The city shows no signs of importance, and only
one fragment of this age, a disc of pottery of
Psamtik II., has been found here, and that
outside of the temple. It was a garrison-town,
whose lands were the hereditary property of the

Melanges cPArcheologie JSgyptienne et Assyrian^ vol. i, p. 21.
1872.

military caste (Herod, ii. 166) ; and it is not
until the revival of the native sovereignty in the
Delta, under the twenty-ninth dynasty, that we
can begin to see any fresh life in the formerly
sacred enclosure of the old temple.

About this time houses were built on the plain
of mud, within the mouldering walls of black
brick which surrounded it. Some of the obelisks
were still standing; the pylon was injured, but
yet the walls rose high on each side of the
entrance, which was blocked with fallen masses ;
and the colossi lay half-buried in the heaps of
stone chips. The great wall, however, offered
too valuable a shelter to be neglected, and so,
cutting away the rotten and crumbling surface of
it, but yet not trusting to it, for fear of the
streams of rain that ran off its wide and sloping
top, the houses were built close by it in the
north-east comer, where its protection from the
biting winds that swept over the plain was most
to be valued.

Under the thirtieth dynasty there appears some
activity, Nekht-nebf, Nektanebo II., came here ;
and here, besieged by the Persian power, he was
rescued by his Greek mercenaries. To his age
may most probably be attributed the three
sphinxes which I have found, carved in liniestone,
and evidently belonging to this period : while^ to
the revival of Egyptian art, strongly influenced
by Greek feeling, under the care of this king, we
may also ascribe the beautiful sets of porcelain
figures found in the ruins of the house g.

During the Macedonian age other houses grew
up within the precincts, as at the western side
of the north gate; and as the dynasty of the
Ptolemies gave more peace than the country had
enjoyed for a long period, fresh houses were built
against the wall in many parts, both inside it, as
at D, F, and k, and also against the outside.
Toward the end of this dynasty, as the area filled
up more, with accumulations of mud washed off
the ruined walls, and the walls were thus lowered,
houses were built at last on the top of the wall,
which afforded a firm and uniform foundation, as

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TANIS.

may be seen to the north of the pylon. While
later still, in the first century of the Koman
dominion, houses were set in the open space of
the area (h), as by that time probably the walls
had become too far worn down to yield much
shelter, and their bases too much encumbered to
give any foundation. About this time the large
well (40) was constructed, to supply these houses
without recourse to the Nile. The southern side
of the pylon was still standing, although the
northern had fallen some time earUer ; and under
the scanty shelter from the northern wind yielded
by the wall of granite, some huts of Roman age
were built. Still, in the decUne of Egypt, and
until the Arab conquest, some of the monuments
remained in their places ; two or three obehsks
and a soUtary column stood until their story was
no longer intelHgible to the degenerate descen-
dants of the men who had erected them in
magnificence and power.

28. It now remains for us to describe the
monuments of the Empire and later periods found
in the temple area, and of which the inscriptions
are pubUshed in this memoir.

Of the great standing colossus in red granite
no original inscription can be certainly quoted,
although several inscribed blocks in the pylon
most probably belonged to it, judging by the size
of the hieroglyphics. As this is not certain, how-
ever, these will appear among the miscellaneous
inscriptions. On the base of the foot-block there
is a hollow of the form shown in inscription
No. 32 (Plate V.). This hollow is sKght and
rough-cut, exactly hke the cartouches on the
bases of the obehsks of Kamessu II.; it was
apparently the sotep in the throne name of
Ramessu, inscribed on the base of the colossus,
and its position on the base well agrees with
this. Of the figure of the colossus I observed
many portions in the ruins of the pylon. The
most important block for restoring the dimensions
is that with the toes of the right foot (PI. xiv. 4).
They have been cut off square at the ends, and

flattened up at the sides, but their breadths are
well defined. They are as follows, across the
forking of the toes, together with the similar
measures of one of the pair of granite colossi in
front of the pylon, and the measures of an
English foot : —

Width of

Great
Colossus.

Pair of
Colossi.

Modern
foot.

Great toe . .
Second toe . .
Third toe . .
Fourth toe . .
Fifth toe . . .

Inches.
U'7

12-5

10-4

11-2

8-4

Inches.
50

30

20

[5-9

Inches.
1-2

•8

•7

•7

•6

Whole foot , .
Figure alone. .

57-2
(900)

15-9
221-

40
69-5

Taking these scales of proportion, the figure
alone of the colossus would be 796 inches by the
pair of colossi, or 993 by the modem proportions.
As the feet of the pair of colossi are broad beyond
all natural proportion (being equivalent to a foot
five inches wide on an ordinary man), we shall
not perhaps be far wrong in taking the mean of
the two results, and saying that the figure alone
was 900 inches, or 75 feet, high ; or, allowing it
to be somewhere between 70 to 80 feet. To this
we must add the height of the crown ; this in the
pair of colossi is estimated at 42 inches beyond
the top of the head, and would proportionately be
174 inches high, or 14^ feet. To this again must
be added the base of the figure, which was thinner
than the usual scale, being only 27 inches thick.
Thus the whole block appears to have been about
1100 inches, or say 92 feet high. This was, so
far as is known, the largest statue ever executed.

Was it a monolith ? will be asked. We can
only judge by parallels, as it has now been cut
in pieces. There is the obeUsk of Hatasu, 108
feet high, at Kamak, and there is the seated

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CHAP. II.-SAN UNDER THE EMPIRE.

23

colossus of Kamessu 11., weighing over 800 tons,
at the Eamesseum ; these are works of much the
same magnitude. While, on the other hand, no
example is known of a composite statute in Egyp-
tian work, except where introduced as an archi-
tectural element, and built in small blocks, with
a colunm. Thus, vast as the size appears, there
is no sufficient reason to suppose that it was not
carved in one block of stone.

That the foot was no isolated freak of work, is
shown by the sizes of other parts which can be
identified. From the centre of the upper curve
of the ear to the highest ridge of the lobe is
5 inches. This on the pair of colossi is 1 to 1 J
inches, which would make the great colossus four
or five times the height, or between a foot less
and 17 feet more than the height already deduced,
92 feet. Another indication is the largest car-
touche on the stones built into the pylon ; this is
36 inches wide, while cartouches on the pair of
colossi are 8^ wide ; thus suggesting a scale of
four and a quarter times the size, or just the 92
feet above stated.

The back pilaster was unusually shght for a
figure of such size, just as the base was thinner
than would be proportionate. This shows that the
sculptors were running as close to their material
limits as they could venture. As the figure alone
was thirteen times the height of an ordinary man,
its weight, if there were no additions, would be
440 tons ; but to this must be added the bulk of
clothing around the thighs, the slab joining the
legs, the juncture of the arms to the body, the
base, the back pilaster, and the crown, all of
which, on a modest computation, would equal the
weight of the figure itself; and when we also
consider the general breadth and heaviness of
Egyptian forms, and the various filled-up angles,
etc., we can hardly write the whole weight as
under 900 tons.

We will now give a brief catalogue of the
various fragments, stating the dimensions in
inches: — (1) Part of the side of the crown, the
ear, and back pilaster (Plan, 35) ; 50 high,

58 wide, and 46*5 fi-om back to front ; the centre
of the ear is 26 from the front of the pilaster,
which is 16*5 thick; the pilaster does not project
on either side of the crown, so that the block was
built in easily in later times, only needing the ear
to be cut flat. This Ues on the east face of the
south side of the pylon. (2) A piece between the
middle part of the upper right arm and the chest ;
the angle at which the two surfaces join the inter-
mediate flat space, shows what this is by comparison
with other colossi ; block 56 long. (3) Part of a
curved surface, between the pilaster and back
of the shoulder (?), 31x14. (4) Piece of a
curved surface, between arms and body (?),
15x55. (5) Part of the shoulder (?), 37x42.
(6) Part of the back pilaster, and of the left
thigh, covered with ribbed dress (proving that
the colossus was standing), with part of the rise
towards the mass held in the left hand (Plan, 12) ;
the ribs of the clothing are 2 to 2^ inches wide,
which is proportionate to those on life-size
statues ; the block is 47x39x61, and shows the
slightness of the back pilaster, which is but 10
to 12 wide, and does not project beyond the side
of the figure, part of which has been cut away to
make it flush with the edge of the pilaster for
building. The back of the pilaster has been turned
outwards in using it for building, and bears the car-
touches and bust of Sheshonk III. receiving the
ankh to his lips from some deity. (7) Part of the
slab joining the legs (Plan, 37), with a trace of the
back edge of the dress shown ; block, 90 X 49 X 28.
(8) Part of same slab (?), polished face, sUghtly
curved, 30x21. (9) Large block, with a scrap
of old poUsh on it, flat, 7 X 12. (10) Block with
a poUshed face, 25x10, shghtly curved. (11)
Part of outer side of left lower leg (Plan, 32),
73 X 47 X 22. (12) Part of leg and mstep,
46x38x23: the half-width of the leg 24 back
to front, and 19 side to side. This gives the
proportion of 14 and 18 times the natural size
respectively, thus even exceeding the previous
estimates; but the ankles are always thick and
clumsy in Egyptian work, as in the modem

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TANIS.

fellah. (13) Part of the ankle-bone, built into
the pavement of the pylon. (14) The upper part
of the foot (Plan, 23), a block 54 wide, 60 long,
and 27 to 36 thick. (15) The toes of the right
foot (Plan, 24) as already described. Most pro-
bably a great part of the blocks of the pylon are
cut out of the statue, as the majority of such
pieces would not have outside surfaces left on
them, by which they could be identified. Certainly
the blocks of the pavement in front of the pylon
are curved away on the lower side, in a manner
which suggests that they also are fragments of
the colossus.

Thus we have here recovered some notion of
what must have been the glory of the capital of
the Delta, towering above all the surrounding
buildings, a figure seen for miles across the
plains, as the sign of the power and magnifi-
cence of the great Ramessu ; a colossus unsur-
passed by any monolith of previous or later times.

29. The next most important figures were two
that stood on either side in front of the pylon
(Plan, 7 and 9) ; at least, in the arrangement of
Sheshonk III., and most probably also in the origi-
nal plan of Ramessu II. These colossi were cut
in red granite, and measured 221 inches high for
the figure, 42 more for the crown, and 45 for the
pedestal ; in all 308 inches, or 25 f feet. They
were inscribed down each side, on the back of the
pilaster, and around the base. So far as these
inscriptions remained legible and accessible, they
are given in Nos. 32 and 33. These colossi are
now weathered and broken ; the northern one is
in three parts, and the southern in four. The
northern figure has on the inner side of the slab
between the legs one of the sons of Ramessu,
and on the outer side one of his wives, but the
inscriptions are gone. The southern statue has
also a female figure on the outer side, but the inner
side is buried, and to cut away the earth would
ensure the block falling over. The fragments of
inscriptions seen on the base are only the usual
titles.

A more interesting set of colossi are the two
pairs in the temple, carved in sandstone. They
are of the usual stumpy school of Silsileh, but the
inscriptions are of value. The southern figure of
the eastern pair (Plan, 68) is the most complete;
the lower legs, the thighs, the body, and head,
and the upper part of the crown, are the several
parts which would fit with scarcely any loss. On
the chest is the beautifully arranged pectoral
plate (35 b) ; on the right shoulder the cartouche
(35 a) ; on the belt the unusual name of the monu-
ment, i?a messu ur mennu, given in (35c); on the base
the end of an inscription (35 f); on the outer side
of the slab connecting the legs the inscription (35 e),
accompanying a figure of Bataanta (Konigsbuch),
or Bant-anta (Wiedemann), his beloved daughter,
who accompanies him at Abu Simbel, Silsileh,
and Kamak ; and on the inner side of this slab
the inscription 35 d, with the figure of his other
daughter Amenmerit apparently.

The northern statue of the eastern pair (Plan,
69) is more injured, and the head is lost ; it has
on the belt the inscription 36 a, with the less
usual name Ba user ma meri ma. If this be
an error, it is noticeable that the only other
mistake I have seen was also on sandstone, the
reversal of the su on the obelisk built into the
pylon, but in that case the error was corrected.
On the back of the statue is the inscription 36 o ;
and on the slab, between the legs, on the inner
side, the inscription 36 b and the figure of his
wife Maatnoferu, daughter of the chief of the
Khita.

Of the southern statue of the western pair only
fragments remain (Plan, 54) ; on these is the
pectoral plate 37 a ; the cartouche on the shoulder,
37 B ; and the broken inscription 37 c, with a
figure of his daughter Bant-anta, like that on
the southern statue of the eastern pair. The
northern statue of the west pair is entirely
destroyed, only a few shapeless pieces of stone
remaining.

These colossi were all of one size and work,
and from the most complete we may see that

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CHAP. IL— SAN UNDER THE EMPIRE,

25

they were 239 inches high in the figure, with
26 inches of base, and about 62 inches of crown ;
327 inches, or 27J feet, over all.

30. There are also some lesser statues of
Ramessu II. One is in grey granite, with very
large crystals of felspar (Plan, 81) ; the head is
lost, and the legs are broken ; on the back is the
inscription 38 a, and on the girdle the name
88 B. The figure is 82 inches high to the
shoulder, standing.

Another original statue of Ramessu was a
seated figure, in black granite (Plan, 82). On
the back is the inscription 89 a ; a fragment of
the cartouches, 89 b, on the side ; and on the
girdle the cartouche 39 c. This figure is much
broken ; the top of the head, the chest, and the
body to the knees, being all separate. Another
statue was standing ; but only the base and right
foot of that remains, bearing the inscriptions 40.

The most remarkable statue is one in grey
granite, of fine quality and work (Plan, 75) ; it
represents a figure kneeling, with one knee for-
ward, and the other leg stretched out behind (PI.
xiv. 3) : probably it originally held an altar in front.
Though no cartouche remains (the only inscrip-
tion being that around the base, 41 a, c, d), we
shall not be far wrong in attributing it to
Bamessu II. ; the heavy sandals and the style
of the work show that it does not belong to the
earlier ages, while the execution fell off so rapidly
in Merenptah's and the later statues, that it
can hardly be dated after Kamessu II. Osor-
kon II. has added his cartouche upon the
shoulder, 41 b.

A bust of a red granite statue, in a very
weathered state, is lying at the eastern end of the
temple (Plan, 269). It belongs to Ramessu II.
apparently by the fragment of inscription. No. 41.

There is a curious group also in a very
weathered condition, representing a king in front
of a hawk, which folds its wings over him on either
side in protection (Plan, 67). This is broken in
two, and no trace of inscription can be seen.

Another piece without inscription is the fine head
of Ramessu II., in pink granite, well polished
(Plan, 83). This formed part of a group of a
deity protecting the young Ramessu, as a hand
of large size remains behind the head (pi. xiv. 2).
At San, as at Tell el Maskhuta, and other places,
there was a great triad carved in a single block of
granite (Plan, 10). The three gods are, however,
standing at San, and not seated, as in the triad at
Tell el Maskhuta (Pithom), and that from there now
at IsmaiUyeh. The block measures 12 ft. 6 in.
high, 7 ft. 7 in. wide, and averages with the
figures 3 ft. 1 in. thick ; so that it weighs about
22 tons. Unhappily the heads of the figures are
injured, and the block has tipped forward, and
rests on other stones, so that it could scarcely be
safely dug out in the front. The inscription on
the outer (west) edge is 43 a, and on the back
43 B ; the other edge is close to the pylon wall,
and the base is buried. It was placed by Sheshonk
III. with its face to the north, in a line with the
south side of the entrance of the pylon ; but this
can hardly have been its original place, as the
inscription, being all round, seems to show that
it was free-standing, and not with one edge
against a wall.

31. The obelisks of San are all broken, some
into many pieces. The first pair met with are
those at the end of the hall of columns (Plan,
42, 47). The inscriptions on these are given
in Nos. 44, 45 ; the north obehsk was the last
one left standing at San, and does not appear to
have been overthrown until the middle ages, as
the Roman stratum is far beneath it. The next pair
of obelisks that remains (passing over the single
one (49) in Plan, which we shall notice presently)
are (57, 58) in Plan, the inscriptions of which are
given in Nos. 46, 47. One of these, the part of
(58) lying across the axis, has been cut up in later
times ; all one side is faced away, a row of holes,
apparently to key in rods of wood or metal, has
been made along that side, and another, and
mortar is in the hollows of the hieroglyphs. The

E

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TANIS.

next pair, marked (59, 76) in Plan, have the in-
scriptions 48, 49, with a scene of Ramessu offering
white bread to Amon-Ra, remaining on the base
of one side. The single obelisk (49 in Plan),
the fellow to which has entirely disappeared, is
one of the finest, and best preserved ; and the
buried side, on which it rests, is the most
weathered side. It Ues on a deep mass of lime-
stone chips, derived from the destruction of the
buildings which surrounded it. The last pair of
great obeUsks in the temple are (62 and 77) in
Plan, which bear the inscriptions 51 and 52. A very
curious point about the southern obelisk, is that
there are traces of an erased inscription of
Ramessu II. upon it ; portions of a cartouche

(Ra sotep . • #ct) can be traced, and also

of the personal name^ the lines of the rnessu.
This is not merely a trial outlining afterwards
abandoned, but a deeply-cut inscription which
has been wholly cleared away. It shows that
the Ramesside rage for alteration even extended
to works only just finished. With regard to all
these obeUsks, we may note that (49) in Plan had
no metal cap, being plain to the end ; neither had
No. (57). No. (58) has a sunk surface all over
the top, '55 in. below the rest of the pyramidion,
and extending downward until the pyramidion is
25 inches wide; this was doubtless to fit on a
cap of metal flush with the general surface. It
is singular that this evidence of a cap should
remain, while the fellow obelisk (57) is quite
smooth to much nearer the apex. Nos. (77, 59)
and (62) are all smooth on the apex, and (76) is
broken away. On the bases of all these obelisks
there is, very slightly cut, unpolished, the car-
touches of Ramessu 11., each with nub beneath,
but without titles above them. Some of the
obelisks have had pieces of sheet iron put under
one side of the base ; these still stick to them as
masses of rust. This was doubtless done to
remedy any want of level or squareness in the
base of the obeUsk; and by shifting the iron
more or less toward the centre the amount of
remedy could be adjusted. Strange to say, I could

not find any trace of iron on the base-blocks of
these obeUsks ; possibly some other metal or
softer material was put between the obeUsk and
the block, to prevent the weight scaling the granite
if the obeUsk rested on one edge. These pieces
of iron may be seen on obelisks No. 49 Plan
(two pieces) and No. 59 (three pieces about
3 inches across). At the eastern end of the
temple are two obelisks (271, 276 Plan) without
any scenes at the lower end ; the inscriptions
are Nos. 53 and 54.

Of smaller obeUsks there have been a pair
(117, 136 Plan) cut out of older obeUsks by
Ramessu II. Some subsequent king in turn has
utiUsed these, cutting away the edges of them to
fit in later building. The traces of the old inscrip-
tion are given already (21 a, 21b inscript.), and
the Ramesside inscription is given in inscripts. 55
(117 Plan) and 59 (136 Plan). Pieces of an
obeUsk of sandstone, the only one known at
San, I found in the core of the pylon wall (27
Plan). The inscription is No. 56 : it is curious for
an error of the sculptor, who has reversed the su
and afterwards turned it right. The portions of
Ramesside obelisks, which were probably cut out
of oldor obelisks, judging by their appearance, are
found at 168 Plan (inscript. 57), 167 Plan (inscript.
68), and 163 Plan (mscript. 60) ; these all
have curved pyramidions and dovetailed apices.
Another early obelisk^ stolen by Ramessu II., is seen
at 261 Plan ; the original inscription of this is
given in inscript. 13, and the Ramesside in inscript.
61. This has been re-used again at a later time,
as is shown by the erasure of one side, and the
dovetails cut in the stone. It is of fine-grained
dark red granite, one of the most beautiful pieces
in the place. A smaU obelisk of Ramessu II.
lies at 241 in Plan, the inscription of it is given
inscript. 62 ; it is in dark red granite with a good
deal of black. Two sides of the base of an obeUsk
(79 Plan) bear inscriptions 63a, 63b ; most of the
bases are so much weathered that scarcely any-
thing remains legible. The pecuUar grooves are
found on the upper Bides of the bases in every

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case: see 45, 46, 50, 56, 78, 79, 175, 273 and
277 in Plan.

Besides the obelisks, there are two pillars bear-
ing inscriptions. The most important (244 Plan)
has sixteen groups on it of Ramessu offering to
various deities (inscript. 64a, 64b, 64c, 64d). The
varied head-dresses of the king are noticeable ;
they are marked in the copies here. This pillar is
drawn too elongated in plate xi., in order to put in
all the inscriptions ; it is really 203 inches long,
and 40 x 41 square, or 10 cubits by 2. The
other pillar is also much weathered, and only a
small part of all the inscriptions can be read
(No. 65) ; it is marked 248, 249 in Plan, and the
total length was 242 inches, or 12 cubits.

This concludes the account of the monuments
of which the inscriptions are published this year.
It is hoped in the continuation of this memoir to
publish the remainder of the inscriptions of San,
which have already been entirely copied. The time
required to produce these plates, renders it more
suitable to divide them in two memoirs; especially
as it is veiy unlikely that such a large mass will
be waiting for publication in any other season.

CHAPTER in.

GREEK AND KOMAN TANIS,
AND DISTRIBUTION OF FINDS.

32. We have now described the monuments of
the great temple of San, and followed its history,
as late as it can be traced. We have also noted
all the particulars of the individual remains of
which the inscriptions are here published; and
we hope to complete the publication of all the
other inscriptions in a similar manner. It now
remains for us to give the detailed catalogue
of the various small objects found, noting to
what Museum they have been voted by the
subscribers. In doing this, the finds of several
objects together wiU first be taken, stating them
in chronological order; secondly, the miscel-
laneous small objects which were found separately
will be grouped according to the Museums to

which they have been presented, with back refer-
ences to previous articles given to the same
Museum. Thus there will be a chronological
catalogue of the groups of things that belong
together; and also a catalogue arranged by the
Museums in which each thing may now be found.
We shall necessarily include in the catalogue the
objects from other sites than San, which have
been collected and presented. Of some objects
the dimensions are stated in inches, always in the
largest direction.

The earliest antiquities collected were a quan-
tity of inlaying tiles and other fragments at
Tel-el- Yehudiyeh, mainly from the palace of
Ramessu III. These objects are so fiilly repre-
sented at the British Museum that not many were
required there. Those selected for the British
Museum are (1, 2) two pieces of broad coloured
tile, yellow and blue, palace of Ramessu in. ;
(3) pottery whistle in form of bird's head, same
site but perhaps later; (4) part of large grey
granite bowl, date unknown ; (5) pieces of cru-
cible, with copper slag in it — this is of rough red-
brown pottery ; (6—20) flint flakes and core, flakes
partly worked, two pieces of flint saw much
worn, probably late, Roman ? ; (21) hammer of
fossil wood, usual spheroidal type, but material
unusual, Roman ? ; (22) handle of amphora,
inscribed BPOMAI; (23) part of figure of Venus
in rude brown pottery ; (24) base of a vase in
black pottery, with ornament of incised dots in
lines, Roman ? ; (25 — 32) draughtsmen made of
broken pottery, ground around the edges to a
circular form, some pierced ; (33 — 40) various
cups, &c. of red and brown pottery, late. (The
bulk of the fragments from the palace of Ra-
messu III. were sent to Liverpool, 100 pieces in
all, of rosettes, pieces of figures and drapery in
glazed tile and alabaster, small pieces of glass
for inlaying, &c. To Bristol, 8 rosette tiles and
pieces, pieces of red glass for inlaying, and 5
alabaster vessels and pieces. To Charterhouse
School, 7 pieces of tile. To Boston, 1 1 pieces of
alabaster, rosettes, &c. In all, 172 specimens.)

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33. As old, and probably older, is the bronze
window-lattice, of which I found a quantity of
pieces in the earth which had been dug out of the
large chambers at Tel-el-Maskhutah in the year
previous to my visit. No window-lattice has
been preserved to us from ancient Egypt before,
and hence this is not only of interest from the
place where it was found, but is also an object new
to our collections ; a quantity of the bronze nails
were also recovered. Unhappily, it has been all
broken in small pieces by the workmen in digging,
though it was apparently found as large complete
sheets of lattice. The form seems to have been imi-
tated from a wooden lattice like that in use in Egypt
in the present time (see bottom left-hand object in
frontispiece) : the model was first cut, and then
moulds for casting the bronze were taken from it.
The shape was apparently in long horizontal
strips, as much top and bottom edge, but scarcely
any side edge, was found. These strips were
probably placed over openings between the top of
the wall and the eaves of the roof, as the early
mastabas and temples are thus Kghted by long
horizontal slits, and such a position would be best
for ventilation and keeping out sunlight. (Of the
fragments found, 35 go to the British Museum,
and a piece of the charred beam of the roof; 7 to
Boston ; and others to Bristol, Bolton, Geneva,
York, Liverpool, and the Charterhouse School.)

Besides these, I found in the earth thrown out in
a superficial excavation at Tell-el-Maskhutah a
large number of fragments of a wall scene repre-
senting a divinity, and two figures of Nekht-har-
hebi ; of these the face of one is perfect (see
pi. xii. 7), and there is a portion of the body and
foot of the same figure ; of the other figure of the
king there is the crown of Lower Egypt, parts of
the arm and knee, and part of the cartouche ; while
of the figure of a god, there are the two arms and
fragments of the body and a knee. There are also
a quantity of fragments of a representation of a
table of offerings, inscriptions, &c., in all 69 pieces.
These are set in a slab all together, in the British
Museum. Besides these, the British Museum has

from here a curious slab of limestone, much
weathered, with the regular carving of a false
door on it, so common in the tombs of the old
kingdom. Now no sculptures before those of
Ramessu II. have hitherto been found here ; but
this suggests that there were earlier remains
here, with tombs. A fragment of briUiantly
polished black granite probably belonged to a
fine figure of Ptah, of which I saw pieces lying
about ; and a piece of sandstone or quartzite
which belonged to some large work of Kamessu II.,
and bears an ibis and part of a cartouche. Some
samples of late glass and pottery, a piece of very
hard white inlaying (a silicate of Ume, or else
magnesite ?), and a coin, complete what I brought
from Tell-el-Maskhutah, and are all in the British
Museum.

34. In clearing out the sand between the stones
in the sanctuary at San, several pieces of the blue
or green glazed tablets of Pisebkhanu were found,
and one entire tablet. These tablets are formed
of sand coated with a poor glaze, and they have
cracked up very much in the process of baking, so
much so that the makers daubed in a blue paste
into the cracks to hide them. The tablets are
5f in. long, inscribed with the name of Piseb-
khanu in black. (The perfect tablet goes to the
British Museum, and pieces to Bristol, Liver-
pool, and Boston.) Also a piece of a small
tablet (in British Museum) with the prenomen
of Pisebkhanu was found ; it is made of granite
powder cemented together, but not apparently
burnt. This curious material realizes at last
the many dreams of Egyptian granite being
a ** Petitions stone." Specimens of these, and
other varieties of tablets, were found by Mariette
in clearing the temple, and are now in Bul^.

85. In some exploratory diggings at Tell Farun
I found a few things, and I also purchased some
there. Bristol receives 5 scarabs, in hardstone,
1 J, 1^, 3 of half inch ; Isis, Nebhat, Tahuti, Neit,
J in., a Tat and square, all of lapis lazuli ; eye
in brown haematite, head-rest in a silicate crys-

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talized in a matrix of hgematite; scarab, with Ma
and ape ; scarab, with Ra (blue glaze, on fawn-
coloured base) ; papyrus sceptre in white beryl;
scarab, cat, and ring in green pottery ; Tat, green
pottery, 4 inches long; pottery sacred eyes, IJ^,
1^ in, ; plaque of green pottery, oblong, 1| in. long
(these are found in various places, object un-
known) ; 7 beads, &c. ; 4 coins, Greek and
Eoman ; bronze nail. All these objects (except-
ing the coins) I should refer to about the twenty-
eighth dynasty by their appearance, but the scarabs
may be older. Bolton receives two stone scarabs
If in. and^ in. ; Nebhat and Tahuti, lapis lazuh ;
double ring of green pottery, with winged Isis (?)
on the bezils.

36. In the course of similar diggings at Tell
Sueilin, near San, a quantity of sacred eyes and
other small objects were found, which I should
attribute to the twenty-sixth dynasty, and perhaps
on to the Greek period. A few things I also
purchased there. Of these the British Museum
takes a large green eye, one of the finest known,
but cracked, 3f in. ; another eye in blue pottery,
pierced pattern, with three other eyes in the border,
and figures of a goddess, If in. long ; 12 various
eyes ; a quadruple eye ; 7 eyes on square plaques,
with the names or figures of deities on the
reverse (see pi. xii.), Sekhet (No. 15), Uati
(No. 16), Hathor (17), Bark of Ra (18),
Nebhat (19), Neit (21), and Ra (22) ; square
of bright hard blue paste, ^ in. ; cat seated,
with kitten between fore-paws, blue porcelain
1 inch high, good work; head of Hathor and
snakes in blue paste ; Ptah, Isis and Horus,
and cat, green pottery, small ; an unknown bronze
object, apparently intended to fasten on a wooden
staff, forking into two rods at the end, connected
by a cross bar ; it is not broken oflf at either end,
and the only supposition is that it is the end of a
tarn sceptre, forking at the base, and with a junction
piece of the casting not cut away ; it is 6-^ in. long.
Of other things from Sueilin, Bristol has 4 scarabs,
(nofer in a border of circles (early?), hunting

scene, kheper and uraBus serpent, and palm branch,
late) ; Horus, Horus and serpents, Isis, Shu,
hawk, Hbation bucket, ring with eye on it, 28
sacred eyes, and draughtsman, all in blue or green
pottery ; 3 cowries, silver ring, and several chips
of silver merely chopped off a mass, all found
with the ring ; Anup, cat and ear-ring in bronze,
and a lot of beads; — 62 objects in all. To Bolton,
11 sacred eyes and a lot of beads. To Geneva,
10 sacred eyes. To York, 20 eyes, rosette,
head of Hathor, cowries, beads, &c. To Liver-
pool, 20 sacred eyes, and cat. To Charterhouse
School, 5 eyes. To Boston, 26 sacred eyes, 2
cowries, 6 beads, scarab, tablet of Mut, Nebhat,
and Hathor, broken ; Bes ; pendant ; head of
Hathor. Besides these, a quantity are left in
reserve. The greater part of these sacred eyes
were found buried together within a few square
yards, at about three feet below the surface ; they
were scattered through the sand irregularly, and
seem to have been placed for a general sanctifica-
tion of the ground, as were the bronzes of Osiris
found buried in the Typhonic sand beneath
temples. Miscellaneous burials had been made
in the sand above the eyes. Many of these eyes
are of a very fine make, well glazed, hard, not
porous, and of dark blue, green, and black
colouring.

37. The next find in point of date was at San,
in house No. 20, marked g in Plan. This house
was built against the inside of the temple-wall.
Within it, scattered about, were several objects,
most of which had been burnt. The fire, how-
ever, seemed not to have been general in the
house, and to have occurred when it was deserted,
as the reddening was only in one layer, and that
above the floor-level, on a slope. It seems as if
the house had been ruined, and partly filled up,
and then that a quantity of things were all brought
to it and burnt there. This suggests that these
things were looted from some adjacent place ; but
if so, it is strange that four silver figures should
have been left behind. By some finger-bones and

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TANIS.

a tooth fonnd, it looks as if a tomb had been
rifled, and the contents brought here to sort over ;
after which, all that was not wanted was burnt,
having been knocked about, and partly broken.
The date of this find I should attribute to about the
thirtieth dynasty. The style of the figures is very
fine, better than anything except the twenty-sixth
or thirtieth dynasty; the Ught blue colour and
work preventing our putting it to the earUer times,
and the excellence of it showing that it is not
Ptolemaic. Also no Ptolemaic coins were found
here, and the papyri were all demotic. As a piece
of Greek black pottery was found with it, this
brings it below the twenty-sixth dynasty; and
altogether, I think we can hardly err in dating it
to the artistic revival under Nekht-neb-f. Tanis
was certainly important under his reign, as he
resided there, and was beseiged in the town.
The style of the sacred eyes also, which are the
roughest things found here, borders on the Ptole-
maic work. This find is numbered 20, on all
objects or labels belonging to it.

To begin with metal, four silver figures were
found (see pi. xii.), two of Bes (No. 43), one of
Horus (No. 41), and one of Hathor ? (No. 42).
Boston takes one Bes and Horus. Such images
are very rare; no silver of Bes was known at
Bulak, and there are no such figures in the
Louvre. Fragments of gold foil were found,
apparently from some plated object. In bronze,
six capitals, probably of some shrine, were ob-
tained (see pi. xii.. No. 60) : two go to Boston.
Charred wood was in these when dug up. A
comer of a frame, socketed to hold wooden bars,
a piece of furniture, with late Egyptian moulding;
cast bronze, 2 in. high. A small base of a pillar(?),
armlet, thick bronze, 2| in. diam. ; 6 nails, 1 J to
5| in. long. Bronze arrow head, ring, handle with
staples, 4 staples, cat f high, and various pieces.
A large figure of Bes in bronze was kept at Bulak.
Iron knives were also found ; (one long one and two
shorter go to Boston, others to British Museum).
An iron spear-head, a broad iron ring, or circular
band, perhaps an anklet, and 3 iron nails. A

piece of lead, object unknown. Of pottery there
were many figures of fine work, executed in a sort
of stoneware, very hard all through, and not
thickly glazed on the surface. These figures are
Tahuti, 5 J in. high (broken and burnt anciently) ;
Isis and Horus, a charming piece, 4^ in. high ;
Horus, Tahuti, Harpekroti, Khnum, Shu, and
Crocodile, a set 2f in. high ; a monkey of this set
is kept at Bulak ; the Harpekroti is particularly
good: scarab, 1^ in. long, with legs beneath;
hon. If in. ; 6 uraeus serpents, 1| in. high :
(two kept at Bulak, and two for British Museum ;)
papyrus sceptre. If in. ; Taur and Tahuti, If in. ;
crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt, 1^ in. Bull,
ram, rabbit, Khnum, Shu, Taur, and papyrus
sceptre (broken), l^in. high, a set in bright green
pottery; Hon and monkey, (kept at Bulak). Shu
and pig, f in. each ; 8 eyes, ^ in. to 1 in. ; Taur,
white crumbUng pottery, eyes and ureei ; bowl in
green hard pottery, 3 J in. diam. ; plaque of green
pottery, l|in.; jar of green pottery, with very
narrow neck, and handle broken off, 4^ in. high ;
pair of kohl-pots, a funerary imitation; a clay
figure of Taur holding girdle-tie, broken, 2in. high.
In stone there is a Taur in haematite; a larger Taur
in haematite, (kept at Bulak); part of Isis and Horus
in syenite ; part of a bowl in black shale (?) ;
3 figures in limestone : these belong to a class
rather rudely cut, painted a briUiant red, and
often of gross types ; such are found in early
Ptolemaic sites, and are an additional reason for
placing this house in the thirtieth dynasty. Also
a Uttle square box, and minute tablet in Umestone.
In alabaster, a kohl -pot, 2^ in. high, with charred
remains inside it, and bronze kohl stick, 4f in. long.
In glass, a part of a circular tray of orange-
coloured glass. If in. diam. ; a cast piece of light
green glass (aqua-marine) with facets cast, the
mould being from a cut gem ; a small blue glass
bead ; part of an obsidian vase, turned inside and
out ; a drill core in alabaster ; a scrap of Phoe-
nician glass ; clay impression of a seal belonging
to a priest of Anup ; some resin ; two seeds cut
up as beads ; 6 pieces of ivory objects, a box(?)

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CHAP. III.— GREEK AND ROMAN TANIS, AND DISTRIBUTION OP FINDS.

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and a little papyrus sceptre of wood with ivory
head; a scrap of black lustrous Greek pottery,
and a piece of fine bright red pottery ; four finger-
bones, and a human tooth. All the above objects
go to Boston, unless otherwise stated.

Besides these, a few dupUcates from this house
go to the British Museum. The silver Bes, and
Hathor (?) ; two of the bronze capitals ; two iron
knives ; pieces of green pottery bowls ; two
serpents ; 4 pottery eyes ; 3 bronze staples ; from
the objects mentioned above. Besides these, also
the following : Isis and Horus, 3 in. high in pot-
tery; headof Tahuti; Horus from a group; scarab,
with legs, 1^ in. long ; Taur ; crocodile ; all in
pottery; and a seated ape, in unburnt clay,
2| in. high, like the Taur in clay sent to Boston.
Another bronze capital goes to Liverpool, and
another — ^the sixth — to Bolton, besides one kept
at Bulak. There were also many papyri, and
pieces of a writing-case with the reeds, all burnt,
found here.

38. Next the finds of Ptolemaic period must be
described. The principal objects have not yet
been brought to England, so that their dis-
tribution cannot be yet stated, but a brief out-
line may be here given. In the mound of ruins on
the north side of the western roadway to the temple
at San a small shrine or chapel of Ptolemy II.
and Arsinoe 11. was found. This consisted of a
chamber built of crude brick, in the west wall of
which was a recess. At the back of the recess was a
stele in limestone (3^ ft. high, 20 in. wide, 10 in.
thick), representing Ptolemy and Arsinoe in long
Greek dress, adoring Khem, Uati, and Har, the
triad of San at that time (see pi. xv. 3.) ; above the
group was the hut^ and columns of inscription de-
noting the several figures. This whole scene was
gilt, but the gilding was entirely lost in a few weeks
after its discovery by the eflBorescence of salt.
Below this scene the tablet was painted with a
fringe pattern of red and blue stripes. On each side
of the recess was a sphinx (see pi. xv. no. 4.) in
limestone, placed with one side against the wall ;

the sphinxes facing towards each other. These
sphinxes had evidently been taken from some
earlier building. In the first place, they lay with
the tail-side, which should be outward, placed to
the wall ; the reason of this plainly being that
they were damaged on that side and not on the
other, which was placed outward in their later
position. These sphinxes are 29 in. long, and
18 in. high. They are of late style, like the
sphinxes of the Serapeum, or that found by the
great sphinx of Gizeh by CavigUa. Most likely
they belong to some work erected here by Nekht-
neb-f, of whom there is a very similar sphinx in
the Louvre, and who resided at San, as I have
before remarked. Another sphinx, like these, but
headless, was found not far from here, as wiU be
mentioned further on.

In front of this shrine there lay on the ground a
group of other tablets, and a figure of a king.
This statue probably represents Ptolemy II. in
Egyptian dress : it is of late and clumsy workman-
ship (see pi. XV. no. 6.), and was anciently broken
in two parts. It is 22 inches high. The finest
of the small tablets is one representing Ptolemy
and Arsinoe in Egyptian dress, facing each
other : he appears to hold a thunderbolt. This
tablet is 14 x 17 inches. A larger tablet,
of very rude work, represents a king, probably
Ptolemy 11., and Arsinoe, standing before Khem,
Horus, and Uati, This has no inscription.
There are also two small tablets of Hapi,
uninscribed; a small tablet of a deceased per-
son before Osiris, with a demotic inscription
below, which seems to have been partly ground
out; two crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt,
which had been taken from some oth^r figures, to
which they were originally fixed by pegs : all
these were of limestone. Also part of a foot of
a Greek statue in marble, which had likewise been
fixed into a figure by a peg, was found with the
above.

39. Another tablet, similar to the largest, was
found just on the water^shed at the south ei^d of tbs

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TANIS.

valley that runs southward from the pylon (pi. xv.
2). It was standing on end; near it was a head-
less sphinx, like those found with the large tablet ;
but no more trace of sculpture or stone was found
in making a wide clearance around that spot.
Except a part of a very rude figure of Taur in lime-
stone, which must have been about 22 in. high,
the tablet represents Ptolemy II., in Egyptian
dress, offering land to Khem and Arsinoe on one
side of the scene ; and another figure of Ptolemy
offering to Har and Uati on the other side. The
hut is nearly weathered away, and the whole
tablet is not so clean, is rather smaller, and is in
worse condition than the large tablet just described,
which is perfect.

40. The above were the finest remains of
Ptolemaic age ; but an important discovery was
that of the site of the Ptolemaic temple, to
which I was guided by seeing slag of burnt lime-
stone lying on the ground. In the valley, beyond
the south side of Pisebkhanu's great wall, I sank
several pits; and one of these, about south of
the sanctuary, came down upon a large block of
limestone, which bore an inscription and figures of
a king, of Isis, and of Horus, on one side. That
the king is a Ptolemy, and probably early, is all
that I could make out, as the cartouches are much
weathered. This block rested on some rubbish
just over a pavement of limestone blocks, and all
the stuff over it for a depth of some feet consisted
mainly of chips of limestone. Though I exca-
vated for about 20 feet in three directions firom
it, I found no more blocks, except a square
block of red granite unsculptured. That this
is the site of the Ptolemaic temple can hardly be
doubted, as the pavement proves that some im-
portant building stood here ; the block shows that
it was Ptolemaic, and no Ptolemaic temple is
known elsewhere at San.

At some 150 feet or so to the east of this, another
pit was sunk, which came down in the thick-
ness of a wall of crude brick. Though hard to
cut, such is excellent ground for shaft-sinking, as

it is so firm that it can be cut vertically. This
wall ended at just the level of the pavement
(within 4 inches, which is as close as I levelled
it), and hence it seems to be the peribolus wall
of the temple. If so, the temple area extended
for 50 or 100 yards. This must be further ex-
amined in future. I may also say that below this
Ptolemaic brick wall there was 3 feet of mud, and
below that 8 feet depth of an older wall, resting
on the sand island or gezireh^ just as the wall of
Pisebkhanu does.

41. A house, which seems to belong to the
early Ptolemaic times, was cleared out at the east
end of the north wall of the temple (Find No. 24).
It was built upon some accumulated mud, against
the inside of the great wall (p in Plan). The
best thing found there was an unfinished kneeling
statue in limestone, holding a table of offerings ; it
has part of the flat side of the block with the
canon lines remaining on one side ; and the other
side is almost completed, the toes being worked
in detail. This is now at Bulak. Near it
was found a foot in limestone, with sculptor's
lines on the base; this never belonged to a
statue, but was a sculptor's trial piece, like the
fine set of figures found by Mariette at San. A
scarab and wings in red pottery was made by
merely impressing a carving on the clay, and then
modelling legs to the scarab. A small piece of
orange-coloured glass has the ankh and ka com-
bined on it in relief; such is unusual. Of blue
and green pottery many small articles were found,
2 lions, 3 eyes, head of Mentu-Ra (almost like
figures of Roman age), a cat, Nefertum, and
Ptah. Also a bit of an eye and another scarab
in blue glass. A couple of Ptolemaic coins show
the age of the house, and it is what would be
expected from the objects ; the style of the kneel-
ing figure belongs to Ptolemaic or earlier times ;
the flat polished sacred eyes, in one piece of
coloured glass, are found always in the Ptolemaic
period ; and the earlier suggestion of the statue
is balanced by the late style of the head of Mentu.

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33

(All these objects except the statue are m the
British Museum). Another house, of apparently
the same age, is built similarly against the inside
of the great wall, but on the south side of the
temple (see Plan k). These houses being built
in the old temple area in Ptolemaic times, exactly
agrees with the discovery of the Ptolemaic temple
outside of that area, which would be then half
filled with mud, and left unattended to. This
house seems also to have belonged to a craftsman,
who was a painter rather than a sculptor (Find
No. 26). Three pieces of designing tablets were
found here ; slabs of limestone, ruled in squares,
and one of them much worn. These were doubt-
less for drawing designs by free hand, to be after-
wards transferred square for square to the painting
in progress. Two of the colours were found that
were used ; a slab of schist having red ochre ground
upon it, and a piece of a pot having blue silicate
of copper in it. Two scraps of fritted copper sili-
cate were also found. Some scraps of flat glass
have traces of gilding on them, and show a Greek
wave-border. Part of an eye in flat orange glass
was found ; and another sacred eye, of very un-
usual style, with the eye, &c., inlaid in red, blue,
and white glass, cut to shape, and fitting in a
green glass basis. Several rude blue shabti were
found, all broken but one ; also a convex disc of
green pottery with three holes in the edge — this is
a common form, and seems as if to sew on to
mummy cloth. A good crocodile in green pottery
was with these ; it has remarkably long ears. A
Khodian jar-handle inscribed MOYZAIO ... is of
the usual light-brown ware. Some Ptolemaic
coins fix the age of this house. (All these objects
go to the British Museum, except a piece of the
squared slab to York, and another piece and also a
shabti to Bristol.)

42. The long ridge of mounds running north
and south, on the west side of the temple en-
closure, seems to be all of Greek age on the
upper part. The Ptolemaic chapel was found
there on the northern part of the ridge, and on

the southern part, on which my house stood, the
Ptolemaic houses could be traced all over it. Some
of these I cleared, but only one of them was of
value. I had cleared out the upper room, and the
cellar of the house was just being finished, when
in one corner a jar was found, with a stone on the
top of it. Within the jar was a large mass of
silver chain, weighing seventeen and a half ounces ;
it had been a flexible wire chain apparently, but
now was set into a single mass by the chlorination
of the silver; it was thick in the middle, and
thinned to about half the size toward the ends.
With it was a necklet of silver beads, composed of
globules soldered together, in an hexagonal pile
of double thickness (see pi. xii. 27, 28), and some
flat hexagonal beads which were probably strung
between these (fig. 26). Also a gold ring with
two serpents' heads (pi. xii. 29), weighing about
ninety grains j it is made of sheet gold beaten up
for the body of the serpent, convex outside and
concave inside, and the turns of the coil are just
touched together with gold solder : the heads are
chased with a graver. In the same jar was a
necklace of stone beads, onyx, garnet, agate, green
turquoise, lapis lazuli, and coral, in all twenty-
one inches long. The garnets are of the finest
colour and transparency, and the onyxes are very
good ; coral is scarcely known in ancient jewellery.
Besides these objects (which all go to the British
Museum, except the large silver chain now at Bulak)
a few small things were found in the house (Find
54) ; namely, a bronze kohl-stick six inches long ;
a bronze weight of the usual Egyptian form, but
filled with lead — the lead has now oxidized, burst
the bronze, and mainly dissolved away as chloride
and carbonate ; a part of an iron nail ; a lid of a
small vase in blue pottery, now faded ; and four
Ptolemaic coins ; — all now in the British Museum.
This completes the catalogue of this house. From
the jewellery being hidden thus in the cellar, and
never having been removed, it seems as if the
mistress of the house had fied in great haste, not
having had time to bury her treasure, yet not daring
to carry it with her for fear of being robbed. She

F

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34

TANIS.

never returned to fetch it, for the house was not
burnt, but gradually fell to decay, standing deso-
late, with the pot of jewellery in the comer of the
empty cellar slowly being buried in the dust and
mud swept in by the weather.

43. About the Ptolemaic period, judging by
the style of the objects, are the remains found in
the north end of the long low Tell adjoining San
on the south side. There are many remains of
houses, and in Boman times the place was used
for a cemetery. A little north of the cemetery
district a few things were found (Find 56) : — a
pendant of black flint, roughly ground and pierced ;
a scarabaeoid with a conventional lotus twist,
which may be earUer; several little figures, two
Ptahs, two apes, four eyes, a ram, two Basts, two
Muts, a Uttle pendant scarab, a lot of beads — all
of green pottery, rather rudely made ; also a
pointed flat piece of bone, much polished on the
edge from use. All these are in the British
Museum.

A house of late Ptolemaic period was cleared,
on the south side of the eastern gap in the mounds.
A very good small bronze of Ptah, gilt, was found
there, one and three-quarter inches high ; also a
square eye plaque with name of Uati, very thick
and coarse ; a flat blue glass eye polished ; some
bone pins, a bronze ring, a handle of bronze wire,
a Ptolemaic coin, &c. (Find 23.)

Another small lot of things of about the same
age was obtained in sinking a pit on the south-
west of the pylon. Here we found a very good
terra-cotta figure (five and a half inches high) of
Harpokrates holding a comucopiae, and seated on
a swan. The figure is an impression from a fine
mould, and has been touched up by hand on the
face with good effect. Near it was a piece of an
iron sickle, a small burnisher of syenite, and a
quantity of small Ptolemaic coins. (Find 32.)

An important house, that belongs to the end of
the Ptolemaic times, was cleared a short way north
of the pylon; and much pottery was obtained
from a neighbouring house of the same age, but

that remains to be brought over. In this house,
marked m on the Plan, everything had been burnt.
The whole of the finds brought over are in the
British Museum, but two large figures of Bes in
terra-cotta and pieces of an ivory sun-dial will
come with the rest of the pottery. In bronze
there was found a small bucket-handle; a
figure of Osiris 1| in. high ; an ornament 1^ in.
diam. ; an earring of the usual Greek bull's-head
pattern, very rare in bronze (pi. xii. 45) ; a bronze
hand 1^ in. long, and several Ptolemaic coins ; a
a piece of a gold earring with a dolphin's head
was also found. In iron, a lock-plate 3Jx3 ins. ;
and some nails. In glass, a piece of glass mosaic
with the tarn in white on dark blue ground (pi. xii.
44), and another piece of the same; an inlaid
mosaic eye in glass, the cheek part being inlaid
with stripes of squares of different mosaic patterns,
all fitted into a green glass frame, with strips of
white glass between the stripes — ^though much
burnt and broken it is a fine piece ; a piece of a
glass bowl, ground and polished inside and outside,
with a pattern of vine spray laid on in gold foil in
the middle of the glass, two pieces of glass having
been fused together with the foil pattern between
them; a sacred eye in dark blue glass, plain,
poUshed ; a small blue glass phallus, broken ; a
small yellow glass head, usually known as Phoe-
nician glass ; three pieces of inlaid glass dumps :
these varieties of glass are important, as showing
the age of different styles and forms. In green
pottery, a little plaque of Horus holding snakes
and standing on crocodiles. In burnt clay, two
seals (pi. xii. 13, 14). A scarab (pi. xii. 51)
inscribed ** priest of Tahuti." And a pin-head (?)
and ring of bone. From finding quantities of
Ptolemaic coins here, and in the next house, but
no Roman, and from the style of the things,
later in developement (iron lock-plate, glass mo-
saic, &c.) than in other Ptolemaic houses, as
well as from the head on the seal (14), this house
is probably of the end of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
(Find 15.)
Another small find, which is probably Ptolemaic,

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CHAP. III.— GREEK AND ROMAN TANIS, AND DISTRIBUTION OP PINDS.

36

was made in the north end of the mound on which
my house was built, on the southern side of the
road approaching the temple. A set of bronze
weights was found there 5, 2, and 1 hat; also
an agate ring ; a blue porcelain Tahuti ; a blue
glass bead ; and a scarab (pi. xii. 9). It is very
rare to get a set of weights all in one place. This
lot is in the British Museum.

44. Of the Koman period there is a large
number of houses, but in general the objects are
not so good as in the Ptolemaic houses. The
earUest Roman houses appear to be the group in the
temple area (Plan, h); but these produced nothing
except a coin of Agrippina the younger struck at
Alexandria, and with that a figure of Bes in blue
pottery, and a piece of a blue cup. These are
useful as dated specimens of this ware.

Another site of early Roman age is on the west
mounds, between the high Ptolemaic mound on
which my house stands and the river.^ In the
south-west mounds some digging brought to
light a very fine terra-cotta of Europa on the
bull : the head is lost, but the pose and swing of
the work is of the best. (This is now at Bulak).
Along with this was found the breasts of a figure
of Bes, of fine work, in blue porcelain ; a head of
Ptah, with the scarab on the top in terra-cotta ; an
undraped female figure in terra-cotta; a cup, 2 J in.
diameter, of thin bronze; small figures of a
hawk and of Horns in bronze, part of a ring,
and a large brass Alexandrian imperial coin ; a
scarab inscribed ** Shu, son of Ra " (pi. xii. 52) ;
and two small beads of polished rock crystal and
camelian. A large quantity of pottery was also
found here, which remains to be brought. (Find 64.)

The great find of mid- Roman period, the house
of Bak-akhuiu, we will leave aside at present, with
the next house to that, as they require a fuller
notice than in a mere list.

On the top of the high mound on the southern
side of the gap east of the temple are many
Roman houses. In one of these a large quantity
of pottery was found, and with it some small

objects now in the British Museum. The best
thing here was the upper part (2f ins. high) of a
marble statuette of Venus (Frontispiece, 6); below
the waist it was broken anciently, and within late
years the Arabs in digging had broken oflf the
head, one arm, and the other hand ; but the style
of the work makes even the remaining fragment
of value. The attitude has been with the head
leaning to one side, the right arm raised high,
and the left bent upward from the elbow, the
hands holding the locks of hair, which fell down
and touched the shoulders; the grace of the atti-
tude, the delicate fullness of the contours, the
folds of the skin, owing to the body being bent to
one side, and the finish of the whole work, show
it to have been of the best Greeco-Roman style.
With it were found the following objects in bone, —
a turned disc (for inlaying in a box ?), a turned
cylinder (firom a piece of furniture ?), and a hair-pin
with a head carved at the end ; also a disc of turned
wood; in glass, a piece of the bottom of a bowl with a
ring foot to it, ornamented with a ground-out scroll
on the inside ; and a small dump of pale purple
glass, stamped with a device now indistinguish-
able. In glazed pottery was found a curious pen-
dant (2^ in. long) of Bast ; on the upper part of it
the lion's head of Bast, on the stem a standing
figure of Bast in relief, and at the bottom the
8Bgis of Bast ; also a disc of green pottery, with
three small holes in the edge for stitching on ; a
single and a quadruple sacred eye ; and a draughts-
man. In bronze, three Ptolemaic and early
Roman coins. This find (No. 22) is interesting
as showing contemporaneous objects.

At Tell Atrib (Athribis, Benha) there still
remains a large mound of refuse thrown away
during the second century a.d., though a vast
amount has been removed from this site. In this
mound I found several objects near together, and
from indications I dated it as about the timeof Com-
modus. This dating is confirmed by my finding
afterwards, at San, pottery exactly similar (both
red and glazed), in a house (Bakakhuiu's), which
is quite independently dated in the end of the

f2

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TANIS.

reign of Anrelius, or within a few years of the
period I had assigned to the Benha mound. The
objects thus dated are, in blue glazed pottery a
flat bowl, 6f in. diameter, somewhat broken on the
edge in two places, but otherwise in fine condi-
tion ; twelve pieces of different patterns of bowls ;
and part of a head of Bes. There are two pieces of
a rare glazed pottery, which at first sight would
be called Arabic, but one has the true dark
Roman blue glaze in the inside, and I found them
in the mound; the ground colour is an oUvy
white, with patterns in light chocolate brown
impressed on it. In red and brown pottery there
were quantities of ribbed amphorae, cups with
re-curved edges, of which I brought three, and
lamp-handles, one with conventional vine-leaf,
another crescent-shaped, and another in two
lobes. A female head in pottery, with the hair
arranged in a broad roll around the face, gives
the best clue to the age of the mound, as it is most
like the style of the age of Aurelius. Of glass many
fragments were found : the bottom of a glass
bowl with ring-base, very clear and white, and
another piece also of very fine quality, both abso-
lutely unaltered by burial ; a piece of a glass bowl
with engraved vine spray and grapes on it ; a
piece of a conoidal glass bowl, of the form of the
magnificent amber-coloured specimens in the
British Museum ; a piece of very thin glass flask,
with a thin thread of opaque yellow glass wound
round it; and three other fragments. All of
these are valuable as dated examples. Beside
this mound a few objects of unfixed age were
found, as a bronze spear-head, 6^ in. long, and
some pieces of Roman pottery and glass, in-
cluding one ostracon.

Of late Roman age, at San, there was a small
house built against the east side of the house of
Bakakhuiu: there I found pieces of a life-size
statue in hard limestone, much broken up,
(still left at San) ; while I brought away a jar
stopper of plaster stamped with the Christian
monogram, two varieties of coarse cloth, part of
a wooden comb, with wide and close teeth on

opposite sides, exactly such as is made now in
Egypt, a little scrap of silver chain, and an
oblong mass of lead, perhaps a weight, but too
much carbonated and dissolved for determination.
(All now in the British Museum.)

45. The tombs of Roman period at San, pro-
bably of the second and third centuries, have yielded
some good objects. In the plain on the south side of
the high mounds, between them and the avenue
of large blocks, a few graves were found just
below the surface. In one of these, with merely
a board above her, but a foot from the surface,
was a woman who had been buried in the rich
attire she had worn during her life. Her body
was swathed in several garments ornamented with
woven patterns, and also a large quantity of
outer wrappers of good quality (Find 63). In
all twenty-one varieties of material and pattern
were brought over, besides pieces of cord, of felt
or loose wool, and of the long hair of the mummy :
the skull will also come to England. On the
body were found three hollow gold rings; two
apparently earrings, with a circle of balls around
one part of the ring ; a new type, and therefore
kept at Bulak : also a nose-ring, which was plain;
pieces of a very small iron knife, and a long
necklace of glass beads. The woven patterns
can hardly be suitably described without draw-
ings; suffice to say that the varieties are as
follow : — (1) borders of red with white pattern,
edged with purple and black ; (2) white pattern
in red, leaf design, large surfaces (a whole
garment ?) ; (3) white on red, circular groups
with edging, sewn on the base; (4) white on
scarlet, a broad strip with birds, vis-a-vis ; (5, 6)
two varieties of white on dark blue ground ;

(7) white and green on red ground, leaf pattern ;

(8) white, yellow, and blue on red ground ; (9)
circular group, for sewing on, of red, green, and
white, with blue, yellow and red border; (10) very
fine stuff, yellow, red, and white, on the ground,
square design with birds and plants; (11, 12) also
two forms of borders of the same with plants ;

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(13) violet and black, pattern of separate leaves ;

(14) orange and green needlework on very coarse
canvas; (15) yellow open stuflf with white bands,
and ball fringe plaited; (16) brown open stuflf
with white stripes and plaited border; (17) brown
open stuflf with black stripes; (18) crimson open
stuflf, like crape, with pink border and plaited
edge; (19) same in scarlet ; (20) canvas with
blue stripe for outer wrappers; (21) open net-
work. (All these varieties go to the British
Museum, and sets less complete to Bolton, Boston,
Liverpool, Bristol, York, and Charterhouse.)

Beside this grave others were found near it.
In these were a pair of bronze armlets If. in diam.,
a twisted bron^ necklet 4J in. diam., and a pair of
ivory armlets (?) sent to Bristol. Bronze bracelet,
twisted, 24 in. diam., with hook and eye ; two ivory
armlets (?) ; a set of eight ivory hair-pins, three
with carved heads ; and a kohl-pot made out of
a broken sistrum handle, which, from the orna-
ment and colour, seems to belong to the thirtieth
dynasty ; (sent to Liverpool). A long wooden pin,
and some balls of white substance, were kept at
Bulak.

In the long low Tell on the south of San many
graves of Roman age were found. Most of these
were without ornaments ; but one rich grave had
been looted in ancient times, and the mummy
and gilt case broken up, lea^dng only the glass
mosaics and inlaying of the coflBn. These mosaics
comprised two pairs of wings, in blue, light blue,
red, and yellow ; the larger pair and the smaller
— about half the size — are identical in every
particular, and both wings of each pair are
alike. This proves that the mosaic was first
built up on a large scale, and not very long in
the grain of it, perhaps 4 or 6 inches long and
about 4x1 inch section; then this was fused,
and while soft was pulled out lengthwise, thus
reducing the section of the pattern, while in-
creasing the length available for cutting up ; in
this way some hundreds of inlaying pieces could
be made from one block of mosaic. Beside these
wings were pieces of mosaic chequer, green, yellow.

black, and white ; pieces of blue, with a line of
white florets with red centres ; pieces of opaque
red, with yellow and black flowers in a row, and
as if threaded ; pieces of black and yellow alter-
nate; and pieces of yellow, blue, and other
colours without patterns. The inlaid glass eyes
of this coflBn were also found. I passed all the
dust of this grave through my own hands, so
as to secure all the pieces. This set is in the
British Museum, and a few dupUcate pieces at
Bristol and Liverpool.

In another grave of this cemetery were found
two gold-foil eyes for laying on the eyes of the
mmnmy, and a tongue piece, together with a
small boss with a hook behind it. As no second
could be found, though all the earth was sifted,
this may be a nose-jewel. This set is in the
British Museum.

In other graves were found other gold-foil
ornaments ; of these an eye and tongue piece go
to Boston, another eye and tongue to York, and
an eye and a rude figure of a flying hawk to
Liverpool.

A quantity of amulets of very late style were
found, cut in black limestone, white limestone,
and alabaster; the forms were scarabs, hearts,
girdle-ties, eyes, plumes, fingers, and other types.
Of these, Bristol has a set of 16, York 10, and
Edinburgh 5.

An amber necklace, about 22 inches long, was
also found in a grave here ; one-third of it — the
smaller beads only — were kept at Bulak, as amber
was almost or quite unknown in Egypt before.
With this was also kept a small bone figure of
Venus, found in the same grave.

This low mound is not more than 3 to 12 feet
high, above a flat sandy strip on which it lies.
Near the bottom of the accumulations two pieces
of early Greek pottery were found, one a very thick
globular jug of hard light brown ware, with con-
centric circles in red. From this it seems as if
this spit of sand outside of the city had been the
Greek quarter in early times; and when abandoned
after the Ptolemaic amalgamation, its heap of dust

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TANIS.

and rubbish was used as a cemetery in the Boman
period.

46. Having now described the principal finds,
it remains to give a catalogue of the miscellaneous
objects. In so doing they will be arranged accord-
ing to the Museums to which they have been
distributed ; noting the larger finds already de-
scribed, which go to these same Museums.

The British Museum has the whole house of
Bakakhuiu (No. 35), excepting dupUcates, which
will be described in the next chapter; also a
selection of the more important things from the
adjacent house (No. 44), which will be catalogued
along with Bakakhuiu's ; 13 weights, the details
of which will be given with the list of levels at
San, &c. ; and the following finds, which have
been already described, in this order : Tell el
Yahudiyeh; Tell el Maskhutah; Pisebkhanu's
tablets ; part of Sueilin objects; finds 20, 24, 25,
54, 56, 23, 32, 16; three weights, &c.; house north
of sanctuary, 64, 22 ; Benha, outside of, 35, 63 ;
glass mosaics, gold eyes, &c.; and amber necklace.
Besides these, the following isolated objects: piece
of a small measure (?) in green pottery ; fish-
hook, bronze, 2 in. long ; blue pottery disc of
Psamtik II. (pi. xii. 25), found on the surface
just S.W. of the wall; amulet of Ptah, double,
in the style of those found at Marathus ; camelian
bead, oblong, rich colour; sacred eye in trans-
lucent obsidian, very fine ; seal in form of a seated
animal (pi. xii. 32) with inscription on base — this
was found on the southern burial Tell; sling-stones
of limestone, 2 in. long; bronze earring with mock
pearl of glass ; circular bronze buckle, with tongue
in shape of goose's head (pi. xii. 47) ; bone pins,
about 4 inches long, sharply pointed at one end,
and roughly cut at the other ; of these many thou-
sands were found in the N.W. mounds (Ptolemaic),
and these were found all in a lot in the middle
of the Ptolemaic avenue of blocks; the most
likely conjecture is that they were set in a board,
upright, for carding flax ; pieces of the polished
surface of the great colossus of Ramessu 11.;

five ostraca ; four chipped flints. Of glass, the
following pieces were selected : yellow ring ; 6
pieces of bangles, one with inlaid pieces of different
glass ; coloured dumps, 4 ; facetted cast bead of
opaque blue ; cut bead of red glass ; oval piece
of white, plano-convex, polished ; piece of imita-
tion alabaster; pieces of opaque inlaid patterns, 2;
triangular cut bead ; white ring; opaque red bead ;
blue oval imitation lazuU for setting; eye in clear
light blue; varied beads, 9; and strips for in-
laying, 16. Of pottery, there is a plano-convex
knob of blue stoneware ; bust of a girl with arms
raised above the head, dressed in hght olive with
large dark brown spots, and with dark brown
hair, found on the east side of the mounds in a
burnt Koman house ; a rosette of five knobs in
blue pottery, Roman, top of E. mounds ; a square
plaque eye with name of Isis on reverse (pi. xii.
20) ; bust of Bes nursing a small Bes, in green
pottery with brown spots; piece of a fine blue-
green bowl, ornamented with leaves ; and a piece
of a throne of a statuette of the thirtieth dynasty,
with the old sam and intertwined lotus and
papyrus on the side, a case of the copying in the
renascence. Of scarabs, grass green on white
schist, *'Ahotepu,'' (pi. xii. 8); white schist, hawk
and emblems (pi. xii. 4:) ; brown glaze, man with
branches; browny- white **Har nefer Uati" (pi. xii.
49) ; loop ornament ; triple scarab in greyish
green on grey schist (pi. xii. 3) ; a domed stamp
with a hand, light brown, (pi. xii. 53). Coin of
Tanite Nome of Hadrian : reverse TAN I LI A eagle.
Coin of Anastasius (?), a single nummium : reverse
A, unpubUshed. Examples of working in stone : —
a piece of alabaster with saw marks, and a piece
of alabaster with the outsides of large tubular
drill-holes, both firom Tell el "X^ahudiyeh, from
whence other pieces of alabaster with tubular
drill'holes are in the British Museum. Piece of
green porphyry, Koman age, top of E. mound,
San, with saw marks on the back, showing very
deep scores cut by the jewelled saw teeth on the
side of the cut. Small tubular drill-core in lapis
lazuli. Piece of grey granite from the enclosure

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CHAP. III.— GREEK AND ROMAN TANIS, AND DISTRIBUTION OP FINDS.

39

0)

at the west end of the avenue of great blocks, of
Ptolemaic age, at San ; this piece is apparently
part of the toe of an eagle, it is highly polished
and grooved across ; the grooves were made by
picking to begin with, and then by graving
them out smooth with a jewel point. That they
were not ground out is proved by the way in
which, as the cutting point came to the end of
the groove, it sUpped out under the strong pres-
sure applied to it, and went skidding over the
polished surface, so that what should be a smooth
polished face where the grooves end, is scored
all over with scratches: the fineness of these
scratches, not ^ inch wide, show what a very
hard jewel point, far harder than quartz, must
have been used ; since a point that suflfered any
appreciable wear would have blunted down and
made a broad score. This shows, therefore, that
the system of hand-graving on statues with
jewelled tools (such as I observed on the statue
of Khafrain Bulak, "Pyramids of Gizeh,'* p. 177),
was continued down to Greek times; just as the
use of jewelled saws, found to be general in the
pyramid times, continued till the Roman age, as
is shown by the piece of green porphyry above
mentioned. Some natural products were picked
up at San : — a large piece of laminated orpiment ;
several pieces of native sulphur (native sulphur
I have also brought from Gebel Maryam, near
Lake Timsah, found in situ) ; some pieces of an
olive-green silicate ; pieces of beryl, rock crystal,
haematite, marble, chalcedony, and a silicate of
copper (?) associated with quartz and pyrites.
Some artificial blue siUcate of copper frit was
also brought. This completes the list of objects
for the British Museum.

For the Boston Fine Arts Museum, in the United
States, the series of objects of the thirtieth dynasty,
described as find 20, have been appropriated;
and also the following: — bronze Horns, inlaid
gold eyes, 5^ in. high ; sacred eye in red glass,
flat, polished; 6 sacred eyes from San ; samples of
beads from finds 35 and 44, and several small
objects already mentioned.

To the Bristol Museum the set of objects from
Tell Farun, described ; in bronze, a kohl-stick ;
Horus 3f in. high ; sistrum head ; bell ; arrow-
heads, 5 ; earring with blue glass bead ; a weight of
1 kat, found with blue figure of Taur, of Ptolemaic
age ; staples for handles, 5 ; Horus, gilt ; lock of
hair from a Horus ; rings, 3 ; head of Horus ;
cow's ear ; vine-leaf ; pieces of chain ; bezil of a
ring ; feathers of a head-dress ; flail of Osiris ;
nails, 6; a disc and horns in gold, pendant;
pieces of gold foil ; a piece of silver, found with
a rough sacred eye in the camp at the end of the
south Tell. In glazed pottery, figure of Bast,
very good ; draughtsmen, 2 ; eye with brown lines
on it ; eyes, various, 13 ; cat ; sistrum head ;
oblong plaque and a large bead ; broken figures
from find 36, to show the style of that age ; head
of Horus ; 8Bgis of Horus from a ring ; segides
of Bast, from rings, 3 ; crocodile; Bast ; Anubis ;
Shu, 2; Nebhat; cowrie; serpent; scarab;
Horus ; Nefertum, head ; Bes ; head of Bes ; eye
andBes, 2; eye-plaque ; quadruple eye ; rings, 2;
and bunch of grapes. In red or brown pottery : —
boy's head; moulds for eye, image, and bead; two
seated figures, very rude ; piece of amphora
handle, noA . . . ; pieces of labels for tying to a
jar (?), one plain, the other incised with Greek,
but broken. In glass : — green hexagonal bead ;
eye, opaque green, rough; bottle, If in, high, found
in the southern cemetery ; strip of mosaic rosette
pattern, lavender and yellow on white ground;
square of mosaic, J inch ; eye, and edgings of two
eyes, from a coffin; beads, various; red glass
inlay, 3 ; eye ; imitation onyx bead, dark blue and
white ; bead (find 35), green, hexagon ; draughts-
man; frame for a sacred eye inlaid in mosaic,
green; fragments of various coloured glass, 28.
Of stone : — large agate bead ; beads of crystal,
garnet, agate, amber, &c., 33 ; various stone
beads ; head of Isis from a statuette, fine work,
glazed green ; a marble pendant ; a little model
amphora ; eye in syenite ; eye in obsidian,
polished ; small muller ; unusually small basalt
basin for grinding ; an emery whetstone. Iron

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TANIS.

key and nails, &c., from find 44. Iron knives, 2.
Bone pins, 2, from top of E. mound ; pieces of
bone bracelets ; pieces of turned bone and wood.
Burnt clothing. Scarabs 10, including one of
Amenhotep III., and one in blue glass.

To Bolton are sent various objects already
mentioned ; and also, in bronze, a mirror 6^ in.
diameter; Horus, 1 J in. ; Taur; cat; serpent;
Isis and Horus, 4 J in. ; horns and disc from a
large Isis ; a capital (from find 20) ; ring with
bezil ; crook of Osiris inlaid with red paste ; a
handle; and nails, 5. In glazed pottery, a
cartouche-shaped stand with two hollows for ink
cups; part of a cup with a spout, a couchant lion
on the brim ; part of a small oblong dish ; Bes,
fine blue, 2^ in.; Shu; Ptah; Bast, a good upper
part; Isis and Horus, good upper part ; Nefertum,
3 in. ; Anubis ; Taur ; Horus and serpents ;
Tahuti ; eye and Bes ; crocodiles, 2 ; ram ; hawk ;
8Bgis of Bast, 2 ; flower pendants, 3 ; snake ; papy-
rus sceptre, cowrie ; eyes, 6 ; draughtsman ; beads,
(find 44); terra-cotta head of a boy; Umestone
tablet, with Horus incised, 2f in. Beads various,
garnets, agate, glass, pottery. Pieces of bone
fittings (find 35). Bone pins, 3.

The Liverpool Museum is already so rich, that
the ordinary small objects are not needed there,
hence the following objects are such as are not so
generally met with. Besides the things already
noted, there was presented in bronze, a lump of nine
pins, two inches long (pi. xii. 6) ; needle, 1^ inches
long, perfect, found by me on the surface south of
the temple ; square buckle (pi. xii. 48) ; part of a
vase-handle, with a head ; nails, 6 ; pieces of chain,
3; cast dumps, unknown use ; coin of Tanite nome
struck under Hadrian ; rock crystal cover of an
eye, finely polished ; plaster model of a Ptolemaic
brass coin, cast from a mould taken from a worn
coin, use unknown, but a similar model exists in
the British Museum ; a glass bead and part of a
dish, together with six glazed figures of gods, and
pieces of bone fittings from find 35, to show the
work of that age. In glazed pottery, aegis of Bast
from a ring, 2 ; head of Bes (?), a bestial-human

face with prick ears; hawk; crocodile; frog;
Bast crowned, upper part, good; sistrum-head ;
head of Bast, a fiat piece moulded on both sides,
fine work ; plaques, 2 ; head of Bast on lotus ;
eyes, 10 ; beads (find 44) ; and various beads in
stone, glass, and pottery. In terra-cotta, four
heads; part of a decorated bust; moulds for a
bead and a snake. Schist plaque, two figures,
scarabs of Ka-men-kheper, and Amenhotep IH.
Pieces of lapis lazuli inlaying. Whetstone.

To the Museum at York, the greater part of
find 44, described in the next chapter. Besides
that, in bronze, arrow-points, 4 ; Isis and Horus ;
and Osiris from SueiUn. In glazed pottery,
Ptah, 3; Horus and serpents; Tahuti; Shu, 2;
Bes, 2; crocodile; hawk; flower pendants; eyes, 8;
draughtsman. Terra-cotta female head, good.
Glass bottle, broken. Whetstone. Mould for
making eyes. Ten scarabs, various.

To the Charterhouse School Museum, Godal-
ming, objects already mentioned; bronze Isis and
Horus; arrow heads, 2; glazed pottery eyes from
San, 6 ; eyes from Sueilin, 5 ; Nefertum, Anubis,
Shu, Bast, Mut on lotus, Bes, ram, pig, crown,
papyrus, and draughtsman.

To Edinburgh Museum, some late amulets
already mentioned, and twenty scarabs, as follows:
King and Uon, (Assyrianesque) (pLxii.34), in dark
lavender glaze, found in the rubbish taken by
Mariette out of the sanctuary. Amenhotep IH.
in fine blue glaze (xii. 35). Ramessu in blue-
green paste, ** Ra-mes neb " (xii.31). TahutmesIIL
(pi. xii. 11), with two animals probably intended
for Sutekh, as ** nofer " accompanies them, one
overcoming a captive, also a hippopotamus below.
Amenemhat I. in fawn-coloured schist (xii. 1).
Sebakhotep in yellow- white glaze (xii. 2). Queen
Nofertari (xii. 24) , a small double scarab. Sheshonk
rV. (xii. 23) ; scarabs with ** Ra kheper " are not
unconmion, the style is late, and I have seen a
plaque of Bubastite work, with a king before Bast,
**Ra kheper" twice in cartouches in the field,
and *^ Sheshonk" on the reverse. **Ra men
kheper" and two uraei; **Ra men kheper" and

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a splunx (square); ** Priest of the temple of
Hap em khuti"; and others, with patterns, but
uninscribed.

To Geneva, some pieces of the lattice of Pithom,
ten eyes from Sueilin, and a small bronze of
Khem, have been allotted.

To Shefl&eld Museum, four iron knives, a nail,
and an iron hook, together with seven bronze
nails of varying patterns, have been sent.

Besides the objects thus divided, there remain a
quantity of small pottery figures, &c., for future
distribution.

CHAPTER IV.

BAKAKHUIU, THE LAWYER OF SAK".

47. On the eastern side of the great temple of San,
a road leads out between the high mounds of houses
which encircle it. This road must have been
protected from building operations in the pros-
perous times of the city, or it would have certainly
been encroached on, considering how the mounds on
every side run out into what are now long hillocks
of ruins : and it is to be expected that the main
entrances to the city would be protected by law.
Projecting from the base of the mounds is, however,
a row of large houses, which would seem from their
thus occupying part of the roadway to have belonged
to important persons, who could follow their own
wishes in selecting a valuable site. Two of these
houses have now been cleared, and have proved
by their contents the wealth of their owners.

The more important house (find 35) is that of
Bakakhuiu, who appears by his documents to have
been a lawyer. From the style of several objects,
particularly from an impression of a seal (pi. xii.
12), I concluded at the time of discovery that the
house belonged to the first or second century a.d. ;
and as far as the papyri have been examined, the
latest thing among them is the mention of a
private person named Hadrian. Now we know
that the emperor Hadrian visited Egypt in the
year 130 a.d., and it is at that time that children
would most probably be called after him. This

document therefore belongs to the latter half of the
second century. Here another historical point
comes in to help us. The house appears to have
been looted before it was burnt : no precious metals,
except a small silver spatula, were found, and yet the
bronzes were all left behind, and even the portrait
statuette, which there is every reason to believe is
that of the master. Another evidence of the
same sacking is curiously supplied by the cellar
stairs : they had been on one side half choked up
by amphorae which could not be got into the
crowded and disordered cellar, and across the
available half of the staircase was left a basket of
papyri just as it had been pulled out of the cup-
board which opened on to the stairs. The looter,
after plundering the upper part of the house, had
run down into the cellar, dragged out one of the pile
of baskets of waste paper which were put away in
the cupboard, and, seeing nothing of value, left
it on the stairs when he ran out. Then the house
was set on fire, everything fell down in a confused
mass, and was buried in the dust of the reddjBned
and burnt walls. This burning probably hap-
pened at the time of the Bucolic Revolt in
174 A.D. ; during the disturbances of this revolt,
and during the war in which Avidius Cassius sup-
pressed it, there was doubtless a great destruction
of property ; and as this date so well agrees with
what is shown from other sources, we can hardly
refuse to accept it. The coins found in the house
are Ptolemaic, and an imperial Alexandrian of the
first century.

48. This house stood over a large under-
ground cellar without windows, which was reached
by a staircase from the ground-floor rooms.
These steps descended first toward the north,
then stopping at a flat landing another flight
descended to the south, on the east side of the
upper flight. • This lower flight had a cupboard
opening on to it, which was formed in the wall
beneath the upper flight. In this cupboard the
waste papyri were stowed in baskets along with
other rubbish, as brown jars, and a piece of bronze

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ornament. Above this cellar there were on the
ground-floor two or three rooms, in one of which
was a large recess in the wall, for placing valuables
or ornaments in; and above these rooms there
was an upper floor, or perhaps two floors, now
entirely destroyed ; for though no part remains of
the walls of those upper rooms, yet the amount of
burnt dust, lying in the cellar and ground-floor,
mingled with antiquities, proves that there were
one or two upper stories.

49. In the cellar was found the portrait statuette
of "Bakakhuiu (the servant of Ught), son of his
mother Ta-ankh (possessing life)," as he is called
on the pedestal (Frontispiece, no. 7), according to
the reading of M. Kevillout. This figure is carved
in limestone, and though burnt with the house it
is not injured, except that the head has been
cracked ofiF when found. The height is twenty-one
inches, with the pedestal. That this is the portrait
of the owner of the house is scarcely to be doubted ;
it represents a private person, and would therefore
not be kept Hke a divine or imperial statue ; and
it is not an ancestral figure, since there are no
titles, such as maMierUy implying a deceased
person. Again, it is but very seldom that any
private statuettes of Greek or Koman times are
found, and such a figure shows therefore wealth
and taste on the part of the person who had his
portrait thus executed ; and as we shall see below,
there are several indications in this house of a love
for ornament and for dabbUng in the fine arts on
the part of the owner.

Of the papyri found, but Uttle has been yet
read. There were about a hundred and fifty saved
from this house ; they appear to have been all waste
papers, roughly shoved into six plaited baskets,
without any care or order. They are of all kinds —
hieroglyphic and hieratic,with vignettes andrubrics,
fine uncial Greek, demotic memoranda, receipts,
and legal papers of various sorts ; some rolls,
some documents of a few columns, some mere
scraps of a few lines. The rolls have been flat-
tened and crushed by the other papers, the folded

slips have been twisted across, and the whole has
served as a nest for mice, who have brought in
almonds and hazel nuts, the broken shells of
which I found amid the documents. Unhappily
most of the basketfuls had been burnt to white
ash in the conflagration of the house; but about a
quarter of the whole bulk remains, reduced to
black tinder, but still legible. The greater part
of this, however, is made up of fragments of
larger rolls, and nearly all the papyri have
suffered more or less by cracking to pieces at the
folds. Bad as is the condition of these remains,
yet it is far better than if they had not been burnt,
as in the neighbouring house some unbumt
examples were found which have so completely
rotted from damp that they fall to powder with
the gentlest handling. We cannot hope to obtain
better papyri than these thoroughly-burnt ex-
amples from such a wet district as San. That
these papyri are of various ages is shown by the
names that have been already observed — Hadrian,
the Emperor Titus, and on a demotic papyrus one
of the Ptolemies. Under the skiKul management
of the Manuscript Department of the British
Museum, in which these documents at present
are, we may hope for many further details when
they have been completely examined.

50. Of figures of deities several were found.
An alabaster statuette of Tahuti, 14 inches high :
this seems to have had an inlet beak of different
material, very probably of silver. As such figures
were unknown at Bulak, this is now in that
Museum. A terra-cotta of Venus (Frontispiece,
11) was also found ; this is 9 in. high, and is of
better work than most of such figures : it had
some gilding on the anklets when dug up. A
bronze Isis and Horus (4^ in. high), and a rough
small Osiris, show that such figures belong to
this late time. There was also a hmestone
tablet of Horus standing on the crocodiles, with
serpents in his hands ; this was about 7 inches
high, and inscribed on the back and sides, but it
is broken up and burnt. A set of figures of various

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CHAP. IV.— BAKAKHUIU, THE LAWYER OF SAN.

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gods was found in blue glazed pottery, rough,
and without detail ; they are of interest as show-
ing the style of this age, and what gods were
worshipped here at the time ; they include Ptah-
Sokar, Har, Nefertum (one with a hon between the
legs), Khnum, Khem, Mentu, Bes, Bast, Isis and
Taur, the figures varying from 2 to 4 inches high;
thirty-one in all were found. A complete set are
in the British Museum, but some, which were
duplicates, have gone to other Museums. A small
figure of Har-ur holding a club, | in. high, in blue
glaze with yellow points. This style is found at
Erment, and, already known as of Roman age,
is shown by this piece to be of the second century.
A large brown pottery vase (13 in. high) has a
figure of Bes roughly but forcibly modelled on it :
this is now at Bulak.

Of other figures, the most remarkable was the
square tablet of limestone bearing a seated Greeco-
Asiatic sphinx (Frontispiece, 8) : the turretted
crown seems to mark it as representing the
genius of the city of Tanis. A gem with a very
similar head-dress was found at San (pi. xii. 11)
by Mr. Greville Chester. The fulhiess of the
face is like the relief on the late Ptolemaic and
Roman temples ; but the style of the figure, the
curved wing, and the pillar in front of it, is
distinctly Syrian, and recalls Asiatic work rather
than Egyptian, There are, however, two points
which plainly mark it as of Greek inspiration,
the figure being seated, and being a female. No
Egyptian sphinx, nor Assyrian copy, is female
(except in the rare cases of directly representing
a queen) ; and the seated and winged female sphinx
is purely a Greek idea, so well known on the Chian
coins, the name of which was appUed by the
Greeks to the very different class of Egyptian
monsters. This proves that though so different to
Egyptian work, this is nevertheless not an early
piece nor a copy of such, but clearly of Syro-
Greek origin ; and it shows how much Syrian in-
fluence there was on that border of Egypt, as is
also shown by Syria and Egypt joining in revolt
under Avidius Cassius at that time.

Other animal figures are two lions m blue
glazed ware (1 inch high), crocodile, hawk, bull
and serpent, of the same style as the above set of
deities ; also in blue glaze of large size (about
4 inches) three dogs qf different varieties (Frontis-
piece, 3 and 4). A limestone stamp, with a figure
of a bird on it, the bennu^ rather roughly cut
(Frontispiece, 5) ; this is of value as confirming
the surmise of M. Maspero (** Guide au Musee de
Boulaq," p. 289), that these bennu moulds were
for cakes and not for pottery figures, as on either
side of the bird is an upright triangle, the hiero-
glyph of bread for offerings. The impression of a
seal in clay was found with the papyri, having
evidently been placed on the fastening of a docu-
ment. The style of it (pi. xii. 12) is most like
work of the first century. The eagle's head recalls
earlier engraving, such as the coins of Elis ; but
the row of heads below is clearly of the JuUan or
Augustan period, like the heads on coins of the
Pompeys, of Caius and Lucius, and other such
groups of the imperial family. The style is clearly
before that of the family of Severus, on whose coins
a row of heads again appears. The gem from
which this impression came (and another impres-
sion now at Bulak) may be attributed probably to
the reign of Augustus ; and the employment of it
in the second century would be very likely. A
small bronze representing cupid running, bearing
a thyrsus, was also found, 4| in. high.

51. Turning next to remains of furniture, the
woodwork has almost entirely disappeared in the
fire, leaving only the bronze fittings and orna-
ments. The best of these are four feet and
comer ornaments of a stand ; the feet are in the
form of Bes, with arms a-kimbo, ending below in
a griffin's foot, something between an animal's
paw and an eagle's foot ; these are massive bronze
castings, about 4 inches high; the top comers
are heads of Alexandria (?) dressed in the ele-
phant's skin, with the tusks on either side, and
the trunk projecting above the forehead. There
are also three handles of a box, in the form of

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TANIS.

lion's heads, bearing a loose ring in the mouth.
Also two wreathed faces of cupid(?), probably from
a box or stand. One foot of a circular stand is in
the shape of a lion's paw, finely worked, with the top
ending in a conventional spread ornament : a larger
foot of the same work was found in the N.W.
mounds, which are Ptolemaic. Several pieces of
bone inlaying from boxes were found, all with the
usual guilloche pattern so general in Roman work;
and also several tubular pieces of bone with holes
in the sides ; these when found had charcoal in
them, showing that they were legs or bars of
stands, made up of short pieces of bone fastened
on to a wooden rod. A bronze leaf ornament, a
Roman copy of the Greek pattern, had been
attached to some iron object, as there was rust
around the stem : it was lying in the cupboard
under the stairs, among the baskets of papyri.
Two bronze vase handles, 6 in. high, are orna-
mented with faces on the lower ends ; there are
also two bronze swinging handles from small
buckets; part of a large bronze handle, 16 in.
long ; a small bronze cup, or hollow boss, 2^ in.
diameter ; a bronze wall-hook ; and about thirty
fragments of bronze handles, nails, &c. A bronze
vase, 6^ in. high, with a wide neck, out-turned
rim, and no handle, has suffered by being crushed
on the lower part in the fire. M. Maspero informed
me that such vessels were used for boiling : how
they would be laid hold of when hot, having no
handle, is not easy to see. Broken pieces of two
other bronze vessels were also found. A bronze
lamp, 15 in. high, with a long handle ending in
a gooseys head (Frontispiece, 1), was found lying
in the comer of the landing, half-way down the
cellar stairs ; probably kept there for hghting the
way down to the cellar. The body of it is of a
curious form, the spout was wide, as in some
terra-cotta lamps, the top is a Ud fitting on tight
to the body, with a ring on the top, and it has
three legs to stand on the ground when not
required to be carried or hung up. A small
bronze bell, | in. high, was also found ; a crenel-
lated bell, 2 in. across ; and a tubular bronze case.

with a sliding cap, 3^ in. long and ^ in. diam., for
needles or for some small roll of writing ; it has
not yet been opened. Also a bronze stylus and
various fragments of ornaments and vessels.

Of iron, several things were found ; two keys, a
couple of cramps, a pickhead, some knives, some
hooks, and a large quantity of nails from the
woodwork of the house and the furniture.

52. Some of the small objects show the per*
sonal taste of the owner. Besides the artistic work
of many of the things mentioned above, such as
the ornaments of the furniture, the bronze lamp,
the tablet of the sphinx, &c., Bakakhuiu seems to
have been an amateur in such work himself.
Two fine burnishers, one of rock crystal (pi. xii.
39) two inches long, and set in a bronze socket
fitting on a wooden handle, and the other of white
flint (pi. xii. 40), similarly mounted, are both of
far too expensive a make for a common workman's
tools, they remind one rather of the fancy tools of
modem dabblers in the fine arts. That they
were not used merely for smoothing papyri is
shown by the extent to which the rock crystal
burnisher has been wom and roughened. Another
very characteristic sign of an amateur is on a small
cup of polished grey syenite, 2^ in. across : this
has been used for mixing paint in, just as a fine
piece of old china is used to grind water-colours
in by some amateur of the present day ; besides,
the colour has been wastefuUy slopped over the out-
side in a very unworkmanlike manner. The paint
used looks like red lead by the tint, and there are
also marks of yellow paint and apparently of oil
on the outside of the cup. A basalt muller used for
grinding red paint is of foreign type, with a bent
top by which to hold it more firmly ; this form
ending in a thumb, seems to have been introduced
from Asia Minor, as such grinders are found at
Smyma. A large limestone palette was also
found, having eleven recesses in it ; these tablets
are usually found as funereal models in tombs,
but as this was discovered in a house it is doubt-
less an article for actual use. It is so much

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CHAP. IV.-BAKAKHUIU, THE LAWYER OF SAN.

45

burnt, that I have not yet removed it from San.
Besides this, a long paint-holder of wood, with
the usual recess for the reeds, and three hollows
for the colours, shows that fine painting, probably
on papyri, was also practised here. Various
fragments of burnt wooden objects were also
found. A small silver spatula, 1| in. long, is
the only fragment of precious metal left in the
house by the looters. There is also a small
pierced garnet bead of fine colour ; and a part of
a tessera of bone found here is inscribed . . .

nio) . . .

53. Turning now to stone objects, there are
many examples of alabaster. A vase with cylin-
drical neck, 5^ inches high ; a Ubation bowl,
with long groove spout on one of four projections
abound it, 6^ inches diam. Another bowl, 5^ inches
across and 4 J inches high. Two alabaster vessels,
rather shallower than their diameter, are 5^ and
S^ inches across ; and two alabaster mortars
are 3^ and 2^ inches diameter, the lesser one is
finely made and was used for grinding kohl.
Another curious object is a circular piece, 2 in.
diameter, and about | in. thick, turned sUghtly
concave on one side, more so on the other, and
with a deep groove around the edge ; it is turned
thin until it is quite translucent. This seems to
have been a stand for a small round-bottomed
vessel, such as the Phoenician glass vases. In
soapstone there is a piece of a cup 2^ in. dia-
meter. In limestone, a pine-cone ornament, and
a piece incised with a branching pattern, and a
hexagonal rosette. Of brown basalt there is a set of
three mortars, 7, 6^, and 4 inches diameter, all well
wrought, with two lugs on the outside of each.
No pestles were found with these, and the basalt
muller above mentioned was evidently for grind-
ing on a flat surface. Of granite, a large bowl
was found, 16 inches diameter, weighing about
80 lbs. ; also two flat grinding bowls 13 inches
diameter, and not so thick ; a deep black granite
mortar, 9 J inches diameter (broken) ; a circular
piece of granite, which may be a grinder or weight;

a black granite weight, mentioned in the list of
weights in the last chapter, along with the bronze
weight also found in this house. A number of
various rubbers and hammers of different hard
stones were also found, and a piece of emery
whetstone. Many pieces of tesserae of white
marble, blue, red and yellow glass, and other mate-
rials belonged also to this house, and show that
some mosaic existed here, probably on the floor
of an upper room.

54. Of blue glazed pottery there was a great
quantity in this house ; the largest object being a
blue jar 10 inches high, which is very fragile. This I
found in the comer of the cellar, full of burnt wheat.
Many bowls were found, ornamented with leaves
and patterns on the outside ; but they were un-
happily all so far destroyed by the fire, and the
burial in the damp soil, that I could not, even with
the utmost care, remove one whole. An oblong
tray found here is very unusual, but it is so
tender that it falls to pieces with its own weight ;
it has four dividing ribs in it joining up to a
central circular cup, which makes the fifth sub-
division. A blue glazed inkstand {2J^ in. diam.)
is also unusual ; it is closed on the top, excepting
two holes ; one in the centre, from which a tube
projects down in the inside, and the other hole in
the edge of the top. The use of this seems to
have been much Uke modem well-inkstands ; the
hole in the middle being for dipping the pen in, and
the hole at the edge for washing out the bottle ;
this would be plugged up when in ordinary use,
so that the ink could not spill if upset : of course
no trace of ink remains, as, being carbon ink, it
would bum away in the fire. Another piece of
blue glazed ware is a very thick cup, or small
bowl, 3| in. across, the hollow being not half the
outside width; it had two lions on the brim,
opposite to one another, but one was lost in the
fire, and the other has slipped by the melting of
the glaze. A piece of another bowl, not parti-
cularly thick, and with a spout, was also found at
San, with a lion on the brim ; in each case the

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46

TANIS.

lion is lying down, with the face turned sideways
towards the hollow of the bowl. The dogs
in blue glaze have been mentioned above, and
many other similar cups, bowls, and figures were
found, which it was impossible to remove, as they
fell to pieces on being touched, and were indeed
already in powder.

55. Of glass a large quantity of fragments were
found, but all so much broken and injured by
falls, fire, and excavation, that scarcely any
pieces could be preserved. One long-necked
flask in light-green glass is, however, nearly
whole ; and a curious little globular vase of
colourless glass, 1 inch in diameter, is almost
complete. A few pieces of the clear white glass
vessels, with threads of milky glass wound around
them, were brought away, as well as pieces of
saucers of opaque red glass, ground and polished.
Part of the cheek of a sacred eye was also found,
formed of a green glass base, with a chequer
mosaic pattern in black, white, and red, fused on
to it; the whole was afterwards ground and poUshed
in a curve, and it is a good piece of work.

56. Of pottery a large quantity was found, but
the account of it is necessarily deferred. About
ten large amphorae up to 3 feet high were found,
mainly in the cellar ; one of them is very fine>
about 27 inches diameter and 3 feet high,
full body, small short neck, and peg at the base
ending in a knob, by which to lift the jar in
emptying it. This is smooth brown pottery ; but
the other amphorae are all of the usual Komano-
Egyptian type, long neck with two handles at
top, body tapering to a point at the base, a ring
a Uttle above the base, and the whole surface
ribbed. Such jars are found in the mound at
Benha, in which I found other things similar to
those in this house, and which, quite independently,
I fixed at just the same age within a few years.
Various smaller articles, about fifty in number, as
jugs, cups, plates, &c., were found, and will be
added to the collection from this house. Two
small pottery lamps were found, and two deco-

rated handles of the flat pointed form, from large
lamps, one with a vine-leaf on it, the other with
a bust, from a very rounded mould ; a dog
(Frontispiece, 2); also portions of two terra-cotta
figures, and a head of a child, 3^^ in. high.

A piece of moulding in plaster was preserved,
as also several shells of edible molluscs, a
large piece of mother-of-pearl, and a sample of
the many gallons, I may say bushels, of burnt
wheat which was found in the ruins : much of
this had apparently fallen from the upper
floors, but the large blue glazed jar, which was
put away in the furthest comer of the cellar,
was full of wheat when I cut it out of the earth.
Except some articles specially noted, the above
objects are all placed together as one series in the
British Museum.

Such is an outline of the hundreds of articles
found in excavating this single house; a find
which is invaluable to us, as showing contempo-
raneous examples of bronze work, figures of
deities, glazed ware, pottery, &c., at a period of
which we can probably fix the close within a
single year. The possessions of Bakakhuiu give
a key whereby to settle the age of a large part of
the Koman remains so abundantly found over
the whole of Egypt.

57. Next to this, some yards to the east and
beside the same roadway, is another house, which
from its neighbourhood, from its having been
similarly looted and burnt, and from the exact
similarity of its pottery and other remains, we
cannot doubt was destroyed in the same confla-
gration. As it has yielded many fresh objects,
it is of great interest, as supplementing the finds
in the house above described. The owner of this
house (which is numbered as find 44) seems to
have been not a native, but a Boman. In the
house of Bakakhuiu nothing from Greece or
Italy was found ; the only foreign influence was
Syrian, and the papyri were nearly all demotic,
only a small proportion being in Greek, such as
would naturally accrue in course of business* In

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CHAP. IV.— BAKAKHUIU, THE LAWYER OP SAN.

47

house 44, on the contrary, the most striking
objects, as we shall see, have been imported,
probably from Magna Grsecia, and (so far as
observation at the time went) half or nearly half
of the papyri were in Greek, including fragments
of some beautiful uncial rolls. It appears then
that while Bakakhuiu was a native lawyer, per-
haps employed in the civil service, his neighbour
was a wealthy Boman official, a man of taste
and refinement, who came from Italy to the
administration~of Tanis.

58. As several of the remains were similar to
those of Bakakhuiu's, it was not thought desirable
to keep them all together. The greater number of
them, therefore, have been presented to the York
Museum; except only such things as were particu-
larly required for the British Museum, to which
(B. M.) is noted in the following account. The
largest object found was a term, carved in white
marble ; it is a square prismatic block about two
feet high, with a female head upon it, and
half-way down the front a trace of the usual
attachment having been cemented on. A photo-
graph of this head is given in pL xv. 6,
but the expression varies much in different
aspects; and though not elaborately finished,
being merely done in the style of decorative work,
and about half life-size, the delicacy of the
feeling stamps it as of the best class of GrsBco-
Roman work. The fall-face is noble and some-
what severe, while the three-quarter view brings
out a shght and graceful smile. Both the mate-
rial and the style are entirely foreign, and it is to
Southern Italy that we must look for the source of
this work of art. This will appear in the British
Museum. Two pieces of thoroughly Eomano-
Egyptian work were found here, a couchant bull,
and a hawk in limestone, about 4 inches high ;
the bull was required for the Bulak Museum,
the hawk is in the British Museum. A seal is
also in limestone, bearing the deities Ma and
Ea (?) facing, with the hut over them. A lime-
stone saucer, 3^ in. diam., has a rope border
around it.

59. Many bronze objects were found here.
Beneath a burnt beam, which had fallen from the
roof, lay a bronze pan, 6| inches across, with
three hooks on its rim; and by its side was
an iron staple, with the wood still sticking to it,
and a stout bronze ring through it. This was
the ring from which the pan was hung in the
middle of the room, but though I carefully looked
for them no chains could be found ; the pan was
therefore hung by three cords from the ring, and
it was probably used for holding a lamp (B. M.).
Another unusual bronze object was a kohl-pot,
cylindrical, l|in. high, IJ across, with a hinging
lid, perforated in the middle to pass the kohl-
stick through. Inside was a lump of burnt
antimony sulphide, and some charcoal from the
organic matter mixed with the kohl. A pair of
broad bronze tweezers, 2J in. long, is another
toilet article. Other detached bronze objects
were a cup 1| in. across, pieces of a bronze
dish, two pieces that may be small figures,
much corroded, a Ptolemaic coin found below
the house, and a large Alexandrian coin of
Vespasian, which was found in the ruins; as
this last is much worn, it corroborates the age
of these things being in the latter part of the
second century. Of bronze pieces belonging to
furniture a large quantity occurred here ; a bronze
handle 3f in. across (B. M.), and two others of
2^ and 4J in. ; a piece of very thin bronze foil,
pressed into a form of a moulding, and filled with
rosin to preserve its shape * (B. M.) ; many angle
pieces from the comers of boxes, apparently a
covering around all the edges, nailed on with
bronze nails ; a piece of bronze plate, still fastened
to the burnt wood with iron nails ; a lock plate,
perfect, and several pieces of others, and a bolt
of a lock ; a bronze key of a form not apparently
known before (B. M.) (pi. xii. 46), and another
key (?) of the type in General Pitt Rivers' work

♦ This system was used by the Assyrians, but I do not
know of its being hitherto found in Egypt nor in classical
remains.

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48

TANIS.

on Locks, 41 B. and 42 B. And of bronze nails
a large quantity, some short, with very thin flat
heads, for naihng locks, &c., on to boxes ; others
thick, and of the usual form.

Many iron nails also were found ; one has a
large hemi-spherical head of bronze, 1 inch
across ; another is rivetted over a bronze washer.
Some pieces of iron knives are like those of
Bakakhuiu ; and also in iron there is the handle of
a chisel ; a key 3 in. long (B. M.) ; a smaller key;
a sickle 5f in. long (B. M.) (Frontispiece, 9), and
the end of another ; a staple with a head beyond
the eye, in order that the blows of the hammer
should not beat the eye out of shape (B. M.) ; a
staple and hook; a cramp, 6^^ in. long; and a
hook-catch for a box, 2f in. long, with the nail
on which it turned (B. M.).

60. The glass objects from this house are the
most important pieces of glass found at San, and
they appear to be Roman rather than Egyptian.
The greatest novelty, to our knowledge of ancient
work, is the glass zodiac, which is drawn on a
sheet of clear greenish glass, 13 inches square,
its thickness being about tV inch, but variable.
This has had first a border-line of gilding t\ inch
from the edge ; within this two circles of gilding,
11-6 and 11*2 diameter. The space inside the.
inner circle is divided into twelve compartments
by radial lines, the compartments about 1^ inches
across and 2^ inches along. In these compart-
ments are heads emblematic of the months,
painted in red ochre on the glass. The top com-
partment in the circle (for a line through the
centres of the compartments is square with the
edges of the glass) has a full-face female bust
draped, slightly looking to the left ; this is for
tlie month to which Aries belongs, March, the
opening of the Roman year. Next to this (going
round in the order of a clock face) is a youthful
head and shoulders, full face, with short horns
budding on the top of the head, the head being
bent somewhat to the lower side ; this is for
April, Taurus. In the next compartment are two

busts, side by side, the faces slightly turned
toward each other, above their heads two stars of
gold foil: these are Gemini. The base line of
this group is on the side of the compartment, as
are the five following ones around the circle. Next
to this is a female bust slightly turned inward to
the left ; around the hair are four short legs of a
crab on either side, and two large claws rising
above the head : this is Cancer. Next a youthful
bust, also slightly turned to the left, with bushy
hair, intended for Leo. Next a female bust, the
face slightly to the left, thin featured, and draped
around the shoulders, representing Virgo. Next
another female bust, with fuller face, and sprightly,
but without any distinctive sign ; this must be
Libra by the sequence. Next a female bust again,
also turning slightly to the left, with four scor-
pion's legs on either side of the head, and two
long claws rising above the head, representing
Scorpio. The compartment for Sagittarius is
two-thirds broken away, and the remaining frag-
ment appears uninteUigible. Next comes a side-
face head of an old man with short beard, looking
to the left, with a semicircle from side to side
enclosing the head above ; this semicircle is broad
at the back of the head and tapers to a point in
front ; it may be intended for a goat's horn, as the
sign is Capricomus : here the base of the figure
is toward the centre of the circle again. The
next compartment has lost most of the colouring,
and the subject is not intelligible ; it must be
intended for Aquarius. Lastly, a side-face turned
to the right, but much injured, is shown for Pisces.
Thus ten of the twelve emblematic heads of the
months can be traced, and seven of them are in
fairly clear condition.

Within this circle of heads are two gold-foil
circles, 8*1 and 7*7 inches diameter. Within
the inner circle are twelve compartments, corre-
sponding to those containing the heads of the
months. These compartments contained the
signs of the months, laid on in gold foil : but,
unhappily, they are nearly all lost. Aries is
perfect, the ram running to the left, looking back,

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CHAP. V.-MEASUBEMENTS AND TABLES.

49

with a hoop apparently around the body, represent-
ing the colure. Next to that we may perhaps discern
the horns and fore- part of Taurus remaining.
Except perhaps some of the legs of Cancer, nothing
butnninteUigible scraps of gilding remain until we
reach Capricomus : there is here the goat to the
left, with a dolphin's tail arching up into the sky,
just as on modem globes. Aquarius is not intel-
ligible, although much of the gilding remains, and
Pisces is entirely lost. Thus there remain but
two of the twelve signs.

Within these are two more circles of gilding,
5*1 and 4*6 inches diameter. The central object
of gold foil and paint is too much injured for any
immediate understanding of it; perhaps from
analogy of other decorations it may be interpreted
in future. In the comers of the square, outside
the outer circle, there have been devices of gold foil;
these are now lost, except that above Tauras,
which is however uninteUigible. Stars marked by
small squares of gold foil are scattered about the
comer objects.

Such was the design of this unique piece of
work. But it has suffered injury in every way.
First it was dashed down, and broken into about
two hundred pieces. Then many of these were
so heated in the burning of the house as to lose
their shape, some bending at right angles, others
melting into lumps. After that it lay buried in
damp earth, which loosened all the gilding, and
made nearly all of it come off so soon as the glass
was lifted up. Next, the surface of the glass is so
much decomposed that it scales off very readily.
Lastly, it was dug up bit by bit by the Arabs who
were clearing the house. I came on the ground
in time to clear one comer myself, and lift it
piece by piece, and of this part there are only two
or three small scraps missing ; but I so despaired
of ever putting it together, or indeed of making
out any connected subject, that the heap of earth
already moved was left unsearched. This fol-
lowing season I have recovered a dozen more
pieces, which will go far toward completing
it, I have succeeded in placing 140 pieces

in position ; and there remain 21 small chips
unfixed. The pieces I have fastened with varnish
on a sheet of glass, rather wider than the
original square. This will be found in the British
Museum, and, so far as I can gather, it is the only
Roman zodiac found in Egypt, the only series of
the emblematic heads of the months, and almost
the only example of painting on glass in ancient
times.

61. Another glass object, nearly as rare, is a
plano-convex lens, two and a half inches across, and
half an inch thick (section in pi. xii. 30.). Some
lenses have been found at Pompeii in an engraver's
shop, and I have heard that one was found in
Egypt, but yet this is such an unusual object
that we may note the reasons for believing it to
be a lens. It is of remarkably clear and colour-
less glass ; it has been highly polished on both
sides ; and on the middle of the convex face a
small patch is worn rough by rabbing about.
Now the only other use it can have been appUed
to is for setting as a boss in a breast-plate, or
some such ornament ; but if so it would probably
be coloured to imitate gamet or emerald, and
the wear would be diffused over the face, and
not all in one spot as on this. The surface
is now all decomposed by the damp earth,
and though retaining its pohsh it is translucent
milky white, and liable to scale off. (B.M.)
A piece of another lens was also found in this
house.

Other smaller objects in glass are a stamped
piece of a delicate opaque lavender colour, im-
pressed with a lotus flower, and slightly iridescent,
(kept at Bulak) ; part of a moulded glass cup with
a fluted pattem on it; pieces of ribbed glass
vessels; a piece of green glass tube IJ in.
long, -Jin. across outside, with a hole ^ in.
wide (B.M.) ; four green glass balls f in.
diameter (1 in B.M.), probably for some game ;
the body of a green glass flask, the neck broken
off ; a quantity of glass beads, spherical, with a
few broad flutings around each : pottery beads

H

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50

TAXIS.

of the same pattern accompanied them, and such
are commonly found with Roman remains in
different countries. Some very small light-green
pottery beads, flat, with ribbed edge, and cross
lines on the sides, probably a very debased form
of sacred eye, were found with the last. These
varieties of beads are given, as dated examples, to
York, British Museum, Bolton, Liverpool, and
Boston.

A small rude green pottery Anubis, | in. high,
shows that such were used in this period. In red
and brown pottery a large quantity of vases, jugs,
cups, etc. were found, which will be described
in future ; a lamp with Egypto-Greek alpha on the
bottom (B.M.), a rough head with globular cheeks
and eyes (B.M.), and a Uttle hemisphere of brown
pottery | in. across, were removed. Two bone
pins, 4f and 6 in. long, and rather thick in pro-
portion, were found, both broken, but one with
the lower part of a carved figure ; also five pieces
of bone boxes, which had sliding hds. Finally,
we may note a piece of emery 3 in. across, used
for sharpening ; a syenite pebble, of which several
were found at San, possibly used for polishers ;
and a burnt hazel-nut.

CHAPTER V.
MEASUREMENTS AND TABLES.

In this chapter are placed together some state-
ments of details which are only of value to the
student, but which should be pubUshed.

At San a chain of levelling was carried up from
the low Nile level, in the middle of June, to the top
of the highest mound, the long distances being
most carefully levelled by theodoHte, together with
the whole of the temple ; but the measurement up
the mound, which is of less consequence, being done
by naked eye reading to the level horizon. Some
other parts were approximately connected with this
levelling also by reference to the horizon ; and
indeed in the Delta, by a sUght allowance for dip,
such a method is fairly correct.

The following are the levels observed, stating
them in inches above low Nile : —

Top of SheikVs tomb. . . 98 F. 10 in.=1186

Highest point of mounds 1141

Highest remaining point of great wall . . . 625
Pavement of temple, south-east comer . . 324

Pavement of temple, north side . . . . 830
Pavement of temple, Siamen's .... 847

Pavement of pylon, granite 277

Pavement of approach to pylon . . . .217

Door-sill of great well 151

Lowest step felt in well, under mud . . — 24

Ground by pit nearest village . . . . 214

Bank of river ....... 98

High Nile
Low Nile .

about 90

The above are the most important. Next we
will take the levels of the great wall, in which it
should be stated that there are two white bands
of mortar, four courses apart, traceable in every
exposed portion of the wall. These bands were
doubtless continuous all round, and show us what
was roughly reckoned as a level.

Limestone pavement in south-east comer . . 824
Top of back line of stone, foundation of wall . 846

/830
Lower steps of foundation J 815

(297

Base of great wall there 350

(Standing on sand, into which the limestone is sunk.)

Top of great wall there . » . . . 625

Upper white line in wall : —

At south side 424

At end of south wall 416

At middle of east wall 410

At north-east comer 420

Lower white line : —

At north-east comer 396

At north gate 461

(Ground rises a good deal to north gate.)

Next, the levels in the temple itself : —

Pavement of pylon 277

Second joint of stone 401

Third joint of stone 434

Top of stones 486

(These are most useful points for levelling with, hy
reference to the horizon.)

Bottom of trench cut between hall and temple . 268
Ground by great sphinx (Plan 61) . . . 258

On the top of the Hyksos sphinxes (Plan 71) . 246

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CHAP. V. -MEASUREMENTS AND TABLES.

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Highest point of base of obelisk (Plan 79) . 300

Block near statue (Plan 103) . . . 311

Block near statue (Plan 102) . . . 324

Usertesen I. (Plan 101) . . . . 331

South Murmashau (Plan 98) . . . 330

North Murmashau (Plan 86) ... 313
Top of stone of Merenptah, built in by Siamen

(Plan 226) 319

Top of granite base of Siamen (Plan 187) . . 394

Siamen's pavement 347

Pavement in trench (Plan 274) . ... 330

Highest of block (Plan 275) .... 273

Next, the levels of the sand below the remains,
as far as known : —

In the temple near (113) the sand rises to . 300
In pit a little west of (167), clean sand

found down to 140

In north-west mounds, sand at . 177 + 10

At north-east corner 289

In pit to the south of temple wall . . . 212
At base of great wall on south-east . . 350
(Some way south and north of temple it rises 500 or
600. Western pits, in line of approach to temple, go down
to mud : no sand above water level, say 60 or 60.)

The stone well in the plain some way sonth of

the pylon, which is of Greek age, stands thus

(within 10 inches) ; —

Ground on surface 516

Top of well wall 281

Top of door in well 101

Top of doorway in square shaft . . . 155

Water now about 70

Thus agreeing with the water level in the other
well already stated, and showing a rise of water
level to 70 in. above river in a distance of a few
hundred yards.

The shafts sunk in the north-western Ptolemaic
mounds showed nothing but brick walls and ruins
of walls; their levels are (within 10 inches) : —

Ground by northern hole . . . . 637
Sand in bottom of hole . . . .177
Ground by southern hole . . . . 501
Bottom, still in mud 189

Shaft behind my house in the south-western
mounds is roughly about 550 in. on surface, and
going down 32 feet it reaches about 166, or
below the base of the opposite north-western
mounds. The house is about 735 level.

The levels of the shaft sunk south of the east

end of the temple, in the plain near the Ptolemaic
temple, are (within 8 inches) : —

Ground at surface 524

Broken stones 512 to 500

Dust 500 to 452

Mud 452 to 440

Brick wall 440 to 544

Mud 344 to 308

Brick wall down to sand . . 308 to 212

Ptolemaic pavement, about . . . .340

Surface by that pavement 485

Lowest point of eastern gap in mounds . . 554

Lowest point of southern gap in mounds . . 549

Lowest point of western gap in mounds . .214

(at first pit, but slopes down to Nile).

Leaving absolute levels, we will turn to some
details of the depths of shafts. In the north-
western mound (as above) the shafts were 30 feet
and 26 feet deep, though begun where the mound
was low ; in the ground at the foot of the momid,
near the pylon, a pit went down to water-level in
made soil entirely, with Roman brick pavement
near the surface. In the pits in the approach to
the temple we always went down to either sand or
water; these pits, beginning with that in which
the statue lies, are 15^ feet deep to sand, next but
one 18 feet to water, next 17 feet to water, next
14J feet to water, and last one 14 feet to water,
the diflferences depending on the slope of the
ground. In the south-western mound behind my
house, and about 15 feet lower, a shaft was sunk
32 feet deep. The shaft to the southern well is
19i feet to the top of the well, or 37 feet to the
water. The shaft near the Ptolemaic temple is
26 feet deep to the sand. A shaft in the south-
western comer of the temple enclosure goes 17^
feet to sand, but Greek pottery is found at 14^
feet deep. The trenches north of the hall of
columns are 10 to 24 feet deep ; this great depth
being just beside the stone staircase down to the
well, where the sand dips down very much, as if
there had been an old well or excavation in earlier
times. A shaft between the temple and the
northern gate is in dust for 5 feet, and then goes
to 17 feet deep in undisturbed clean sand ; this
was cut in order to really see that the sand did
not cover anything else, but was, as I supposed,
washed sand, which is far firmer and larger grain

H 2

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TANIS.

than wind-blown sand. Mariette's great hole in
the north-eastern comer is 18 feet deep, and my
pits on the east of it are 18 to 20 feet deep. The
pit by the great wall there is 12 feet deep to sand,
but was carried down to 18 feet to see if anything
underlay it. The pit a little north of the group
of houses (H) on Plan goes to 18 feet, showing
broken up pavement at the bottom. Most of the
cuttings made go to 10 or 15 feet deep ; and these
depths will show that more has been done than
merely scratching the surface. In the valley
running south of the pylon pits were cut to 1 5 feet,
finding late Roman brick at 12 feet; to 24 feet,
finding Roman or Greek pottery at bottom ; and
a little more to the east, a pit 23 feet deep, yielded
at 19 feet, a piece of painted pottery, which may
perhaps go back to the twenty-first dynasty. In the
avenue of granite blocks of Ptolemaic age, in the
plain nearly half a mile south of the temple, I sunk
several pits ; one goes 16 feet to wet sandy mud, from

3 to 6 feet being through much pottery of perhaps
the Saitic period; another pit went to 12 feet,
through black mud to the water ; another 11 J feet
to the water, all black mud. The brick enclosure
by that avenue is filled with sand, though made in
a region of black mud; the walls are 12 J feet
high, and the sand filled into the space is mixed
in parts with chips and earth. Fuller details of
this place must be worked out for the plans of it
which will appear in future.

The following are the weights found at San.
Besides stating their present weight, I have care-
fully estimated their original weight : this is done
by picking a minute hole through the patina until
the metal is reached, and measuring the thicknessof
the scale; thus knowing its volume, its specific
gravity, and its chemical formula, the gain by
oxygen, carbonic acid, &c. can be allowed for;
and account must also be taken of the loss by
solution from lead weights.

Material.

Gbains
Now.

Weight.
Original.

MXTLTIPLB OF

Unit.

Eemabks.

Bronze.

727-6

716

5 kat8 . . .

143-2

All found together,

if

288-7

287-3

2 kats . . .

143-6

Ptolemaic.

»

149-6

147-7

Ikat . . .

147-7

Mean kat 144-4.

if

145-6

144-4

1 kat . . .

144-4

Ptolemaic.

if

141-5

139-2

Ikat . . .

139-2

Barrel, Assyrian type.

ff

14-3

143

,2^kat. . .

143-

Cube.

Granite.

6296-6

6297-

50 shekels? •

125-9

Find 85, 2nd century.

Lead.

241-4

241-0

2 shekels • .

120-5

Bent sheet.

Bronze.

129-3
63-0

126-4
621

i shekel . .
^ shekel . .

126-4
124-2

> Egyptian domed type.

M

13-1

12-6

tV shekel ? .

131

Disc.

Limestone.

4156-3

4158-

50 sigli . . .

83-2

Domed type.

ff

834-9

840-

4 sigli . . .

85-0

» »

Bronze.

87-9

80-9

1 siglos • .

80-9

Square sheet.

99

95-6

86-0

1 siglos • •

860

„ Find 35, 2nd cent.

Lead.

85-7

840

1 siglos • .

840

Bent sheet.

Bronze.

25-2

21-9

i siglos • .

87-6

Cube, Ptolemaic, find 54.

Lead.

192-8

1970

Tridrachm •

. 65-7

Square, d = 9 dioboli ?

n

62 8

66-0

Attic drachm

. 660

Beijt sheet.

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CHAP, v.— MEASUEEMENTS AND TABLES.

53

All the above weights are attributed to their
respective standards solely by trial, as there are
no distinguishing marks on any of them. The
hat weights show that the standard at San in
Ptolemaic times was neither the light kat of 140
nor the heavy kat of 148 grains, but was about the
mean value of 145. The barrel-shaped kat being
light, 139, suggests that the lighter kat may
be a Syrian variety. Unhappily, we know so
little of the ages and locaUties of individual weights
in general, that the history of varieties has yet to
be worked out. Among the shekel weights, I
rather doubt the granite of 50 and the bronze of
•^, as such multiples are not regular ; but yet I do
not see to what other system these can be attri-
buted. There is an unexpectedly large number of
weights of the Assyrian and Persian silver standard,
none of which can be otherwise attributed, and the
repeated occurrence of which strongly support this
series. The mean of these gives a siglos of 84-5
with a mean variation of -9 ; and this is equivalent
to a shekel of 126*7 with mean variation 1*4,
exactly agreeing with the Assyrian standard, but
rather less than the Persian. The last two weights
seem to be most probably of the Attic standard,

otherwise they could only be the usual nomisma
or soUdus, and that was not common till Byzantine
and Christian times (most of such weights having
a cross, and the solidus not indeed being intro-
duced until Constantine), whereas there is but little
as late as that at San, the great bulk of remains
being Ptolemaic and pre-Christian. It is promis-
ing for the future study of T^eights to have obtained
no less than nineteen in one season ; this was the
result of always giving the men what was, in their
eyes, a large value for them, telling them what to
look for, and encouraging their search.

The distribution of worship of the different gods
at San is of interest ; and in the following table
there is stated the number of occurrences of the
name or figure of each deity in different ages,
not counting the necessary figures in the cartouches
of the kings.

In this list the amulets are of all ages fi*om
perhaps the twenty-sixth dynasty to Roman times,
but those distinguished as Roman are of the second
century. These do hot account for all the amu-
lets found, but only for the better examples ; the
list, however, gives a fair representation of them.

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54

TANIS.

12th
Dynasty.

13th and 14th
Dynasties.

I9th and 20th
Dynajstiks.

2lBt and 22nd
Dynasties.

Ptolemaic.

Amulets.

Roman.

Seb

...

...

7

Ptah

...

...

24

1

1

FtBhSebtres ...

2

3

3

...

...

...

PtahSokar

1

...

...

5

3

Ra

3

10

...

3

1

Kheper-Ra

...

...

6

...

...

Mentu-Ra

...

...

...

5

Aten

...

1

...

...

Har em Khuti . . .

...

21

...

Turn

?

...

32

...

Nefertum

...

1

...

3

2

Shu

...

7

6

Khnum

...

...

1

2

Ma

...

47

3

1

...

Harur

...

...

...

I

Osiris

2

...

...

...

1

2

1

Isis

...

...

...

1

2

1

Isis and Horus ...

...

...

...

...

8

1

Horus

...

5

...

2

8

3

Horus and serpents

...

...

...

...

3

1

Set

...

2

10

...

...

...

Nebhat(Nephthy8)

...

...

...

...

1

5

Anup (Anubis) ...

2

...

...

...

6

1

Tabuti (Thoth) ...

...

1

1

8

• ••

Mut(Maut)

...

...

1

...

4

1

Neit (Neith) ...

...

...

...

...

2

...

Hat-hor (Athor)...

...

...

1

4

...

Ba8t,(Pasht)Sekhet

...

...

1

...

...

13

2

Khem (or Min) ...

...

1

...

3

3

1

1

Amen-Ra

...

...

17

3

...

...

...

Hobs

...

...

...

...

...

2

Taur (Thoueris) ...

...

...

...

...

...

7

...

Bes

...

...

...

...

...

16

...

Hapi(Nilus)

• •••

...

...

6

...

2

Neshem

...

...

2

1

...

...

...

Uati(Buto)

...

2

...

3

1

...

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LETTERS AND WORDS TRANSLITERATED IN THIS YOLUME.

. I\

ifeU jumu,

&W [:

^ n

Jf <jn«» ilfift^ S88

S7(» ||

Ab O

ilfm ^(j(|

*■ \

Aukh •?•

JlfM [j

Sotep i> — s

Batt ^

N A/WW*

Su 1

F ^^^

iV^eJ T^7

5«feiA '^

Eotep e^B

JVc/«r J

^- A

^«f li

Nub fW^

^"^ 1

Sa U

i«^«/er

TaM» ^^

Kh O

P«< F=^

CT (D

Kha S

Q t^

C7b ,^ra2-

Kheper g

JBa O

T^r ^^

Ma ^

^a^, Egyptian standard of
weight.

Shabti, Funereal images.

ift,.A« ll

Saw J

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INDEX.

[All objects of which the age is known are entered here. Page numbers are repeated for repeated references.]

Aa-a-ark-ra, obelisk of

Agrippina, younger, coin of

Alabaster bowls, &c

Alexandria, head* of

Amber necklace

Amenemhat I., statue

Amenemhat n., statue

Amenmerit

AmphorsB

Amphora handles, stamped

Amulets, late .

Apepi, name of ..,

Armlets, bronze

Arrowhead, bronze

Arsinoe II., tablets of

Artist's house

Athribis ,., ..,

Back of statue, wrought

Bakakhuiu, house of

Banners, so called, origin of

Bant-anta

Basalt pavement

Beads

Bell, bronze

Benha

Bennumo\Ads

Bes: bronze

terra-cotta

Blue-glazed pottery

Bolton Museum

Bone objects

Boston Fine Arts Museum, 27, 28,

Bread stamps

Bricks

Bristol Museum 27,

British Museum, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34,

Buckles ' ...

Bucolic Kevolt

Bulak Museum

PAGE

9

35

45

43

37

4

5

24

36,46

27,33,39

37

7, 9

30, 37

30

31,32

33

35

5

41—46

5

24

15

49

44

35

43

30

44

36, 45

28, 29, 31, 37, 40, 50
... :.: 35, 44, 50

29, 30, 31, 37, 39, 50

43

19

28, 29, 31, 33, 37, 39
35, 36, 37, 38, 46, 50

38, 40

41

31, 33, 36, 37, 42, 47

Bull couchant

Burnishers

Capitals, bronze

Charterhouse School Museum

Chocolate coloured porcelain

Clay figures

Clay impressions of seals

Coin: of Tanitenome

of Anastasius

cast of

Colonnade: first at San

history of

Colossi : in front of entrance

by pylon

in temple

Colossus, great, of Ramessu 11.

Coloured clothes

Colours, found

Comb, found

Coral, found

Com burnt

Crocodile, figures of

Cupid, figures of

Designing tablet

Dogs, in pottery

Drain, made with jars

Earring : bull's head type

dolphin's head

Edinburgh Museum

Emery

Europa terra-cotta

Excavating

Excavations

Eye, sacred : buried in sand

coarse and thick

mosaic glass

polished glass, fiat •.

plaques with names «.

PAGE

47

44

30

27, 28, 29, 37, 40

36

30

30, 34, 43

38,40

38

40

5

17

12

13, 24

15, 24, 25
... 13, 22—24

36

33, 34

36

33

46

30, 33, 43
43, 44

33

46

12

34

34

40

50

35

2

51

29

35

33,34

32, 33, 34
29, 33

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58

INDEX.

False door : origin of " banner"

in sanctuary

Hint pendant

Frame, bronze

Furniture, remains of

Geneva Museum

Gilding in thickness of glass
Glass: balls,

blue

colourless

dumps

engraved

gilded

green, light

lavender

mosaic

orange

tube

vessels

yellow

» zodiac

Gods of San

Gold foil ornaments

Gold ring

Granite powder tablets

Granite, working of

Great colossus of Eamessu II.,

Greek pottery

Greek pottery, early

Grinding bowls

Haematite figures

Hall of columns

Hand, bronze

Hapi, tablets of

Harpokrates, terra-cotta

Hawk protecting a king

Horus on crocodiles

Houses: built in temple area

of age of Nekht-nebf

of Bakakhuiu

Hyksos : monuments in black granite. . .

group of two men

sphinxes

monuments at Tell Maskhuta

other monuments

Inkstand

Iron: chisel handle

cramps

hook catch

keys

knives

PAGS

6

10

84

30

... 43, 47

21, 29, 40

34

49

... 30, 34

36

... 34, 49

36

... 83, 34

30

49

49

33, 34, 37
30, 32, 33

49

... 46, 49

36

48

54

37

33

18

39

13, 22—24
... 20, 30

37

45

30

14

34

31

34

25

.. 84, 42
.. 20, 21

30

41

10

11

.. 11, 15

11

12

45

48

.. 44, 48

48

.. 44, 48

34, 44, 48

Iron: lock-plate

nails

pick head

ring ...

sickle

spear head

staples

wedging of obelisks
Ivory objects {see Bone)
Ivory sundial

Jar stopper

Jewelled tools, use of ...
Jewellery

Keys

Knives

Kohl jar ,

Kohl jars, joined

Kohl stick ,

Labels, terra-cotta

Lamp, bronze

Lamp-handles

Lattice

Lead

Left side honoured

Lens, glass

Levelling ,

Lion's head handles
Lion on brim of cup

Liverpool Museum

Lotus, stamp on glass ...

PAGE

34

... 30, 33, 34, 44, 48

44

30

34,48

30

48

26

30

34

36

39

• *• *.• •.« •.• oo

44,48

30, 44, 47

30,47

30

30, 33

39

44

36

28

20

12,13

49

50,51

43

45

27, 28, 29, 31, 37, 50
49

Ma-at-noferu 24

Macedonian houses 21

Marble term ... 47

Mentuhotep, son of Sebakhotep IIL 8

Merenptah: defacement by, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 11, 11, 15

statues of 15

Mennashau, statues of 8

Minerals found 39

Monkeys, figures of 30

Mosaic tessersd («^ Glass) 45

Mounds around San 1

Muller, basalt 44

Nails, iron 30

Necklaces 33, 36

Nehesi, obelisk of 8

Nekht-har-hebi, sculptures of 28

Nekht-nebf 21, 31

Niles, group of two 5

Nishem 7, 9

Nof ert, wife of Usertesen IL, statue 6

Nofert, daughters of (?) 6

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INDEX,

59

Obelisks : of middle kingdom

avenue of

of hall of columns

small

caps of

Obsidian, piece of vase

Osiris: at San

figures of

Paint

Painted chamber, fragments of

Painted limestone figures

Painted glass zodiac

Painter's tablet,

Palettes

Pan for lamp

Papyri

Patterned clothes

Pavement: in front of pylon

of basalt

levels

Pegs for carding flax (1)

Pepi, blocks of, at San

Phoenician glass

Photographs

Pillars, decorated

Pins, bronze

Pisebkhanu

inscriptions of

tablets of

wall of

Plaster moulding

Porcelain statuettes

Porcelain, blue glazed

Pottery

Ptolemy IL, shrine and tablets

Ptolemy IIL

Ptolemaic temple, site

Psamtik IL

Pylon, foundation of Ramesside

Pylon, construction by Sheshonk IIL

Eamessu II., defacement by, 6, 7, 9, 9, 9,

statues of

stelae of

obelisks of

pillars of

statue of mother of

Ramessu III. : statue ,

tiles of

Resin

Resin, backing of metal

Reworking : on obelisks

by Ramessu of his own obelisks

Reworking : of Hyksos sphinxes ...

of statue for mother of

Right shoulder honoured by Hyksos

Ring: bronze

iron

agate

Eoahiu disinct

Rock crystal burnisher

Ruining of pylon

San: foundation

earliest buildings

statues of middle kingdom ...

arrangement of temple

history of decay

great wall

a garrison town

monuments of Empire

a quarry for Arabs

Sanctuary

Sand island of San

Scarabs

Seal impressions

Seal of limestone

Sebakhotep III., statues

Sebakhotep VI., statue

Set

SetilL

Shabti

Sheffield Museum

Sheshonk I. , inscription

Sheshonk IIL

Shrines, monolithic

Siamen inscriptions

Silver : statuettes

spatula

necklaces

Sling stones

Spear head, iron

Sphinxes

Sphinx, GrsBCO- Asiatic

Staples, bronze

Statues : of middle kingdom

arrangement of

{see Colossi)

Statuette, unfinished

Statuette of Bakakhuiu

StelsB, series of

Sundial, ivory

Tablet of San

Tablets of glazed pottery

Tablets of Ptolemy IL and Arsinoe

Tahraka, stele of

Tahuti, alabaster statue of ,

PAGE

11

Ramessu 7

12

30

30

35

... 8

44

14

... ... 4

5

4-11

12—19

20—22

19

21

22

13

17,28

4, 20, 51

... 34, 35, 38, 39, 40

30, 34, 43

47

8

8

8

16

33

43

8

14,19

15

8

30

45

33

38

30

...7,8, 10,11,15,31

43

30

4—11,15

15,16

32

42

18

34

14

28

31

16,20,21

42

I 2

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60

INDEX.

Tanis : genius of

coins of

{see San)

TellFaran •..

Tell el Maskhnta : lattice of ...
monuments

TellSueilin

Tell el Yehudiyeh, finds of ...
Temple of San, arrangement of

Term, marble

TessersB

TUes, glazed, Tell el Yehudiyeh

Tombs

Triad of San

Trilingual tablet

Tweezers

Usertesen I., statue

Usertesen II., statue

Usertesen HI., architrave

PAGE

... 43

Vase, bronze

38,40

Venus: statuette, marble

bone figure

... 28

terracotta... ...

... 28

11, 28

Wall, great

... 29

Weights: list of

... 27

a set of

12—19

filled with lead

... 47

Wells

... 45

Window lattice

... 27

Wings, glass mosaic

... 36

Working at San

25, 31

Workmanship in stone ...

... 14

Woven patterns

... 47

Writing cases

... 5
... 6
... 6

York Museum

Zodiac, glass

PACK

... •

... 44

... 35

... 37

... 42

19, 50

... ... ...

... 52

... ... ...

... 35

... 33

... 20

.. 28

...

.. 37

,

2

...

.. 38

.., ,,, ,,, ,

.. 36

31,45

28, 29, 33, 37.

40,50

.. 48

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INDEX TO FEONTISPIECE.

1. Bronze lamp found on stairs of Find 35, San (Bakakhniu's).

2. Terra-cotta dog. Same house.

3. Blue pottery dog, long mane. Same house.

4. Blue pottery dog, seated. Same house.

5. Stone stamp for pressing cakes. Same house.

6. Torso of Venus, in white marble. Find 22.

7. Statuette of Bakakhuiu, limestone, 170 a.d. Find 35.

8. Tablet of seated sphinx, limestone. Find 35.

9. Iron sickle. Find 44.

10. Bronze lattice and nails from Tell-el-Maskhuta.

11. Terra-cotta Venus. Find 35.

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INDEX TO PLATE XII.

(ALL FROM SAN, UNLESS STATED.)

1. Scarab of Amenemhat I.

2. Scarab of Sebakhotep.

3. Scarab, triple, early date.

4. Scarab, hawk and emblems.

5. Lid of alabaster vase inscribed with the
same titles of Pepi as on the block at San (pi. i. 2) ;
in Prof. Sayce's possession, obtained at Keneh,
1884.

6. Group of nine bronze pins.

7. Head of Nekht-har-hebi in white limestone,
gilt ; from a wall at Tell-el-Maskhuta.

8. Scarab, ** Ahotepu, neb."

9. Scarab, double reading, "Ra user ma'*
(Ramessu II.) and " Ra men kheper " (Ta-
hutmes III.). Such double readings occur on
others.

10. Seal in rich red garnet, to be compared
with the sphinx tablet (in frontispiece); in Mr.
GreviUe Chester's possession, from San, 1880.

11. Scarab, Tahutmes III., with Set (?),
Set overcoming a captive, and a hippopotamus.

12. Clay seal from burnt papyri, find 35.

13. Clay seal from burnt papyri, find 15.

14. Clay seal from burnt papyri, find 15.
Sacred eye plaques with reverses :

15. Sekhet from Sueilin.

16. Uati from N. Sueilin.

17. Hathor from N. SueiUn.

18. Bark of Ra from S. Sueilin.

19. Nebhat from Sueilin.

20. Isis from San.

21. Neit from N. Sueilin.

22. Ra from N. Sueilin.

23. Scarab of Sesonk IV. (?)

24. Scarab of Queen Nofertari.

25. Blue pottery disc of Psamtik II.

26.>.

oy /Silver beads from Ptolemaic jewellery, in

28.) ^°^ ^^-

29. Gold ring, same find.

30. Section of glass lens, second century a.d.

31. Scarab of Ramessu.

32. Stamp or seal from south Tell.

33. Scarab from Ptolemaic N.-W. mound.

34. Scarab of king and Uon, Assyrian style (?).

35. Scarab of Amenhotep III.

36. Scarab, *' ma nofer neb."

37. Scarab, Amenhotep III.

38. Scarab, Amenhotep III.

39. Rock crystal burnisher in bronze handle.

40. Flint burnisher, similar, both in find 35.

41. Silver Horus (?), thirtieth dynasty, find 29.

42. Silver Hathor (?), thirtieth dynasty, find 20.

43. Silver Bes, thirtieth dynasty, find 20.

44. User, white glass in blue, mosaic, find 15.

45. Bronze earring, find 15.

46. Bronze key, new form, find 44.

47. Circular buckle, with goose-head tongue.

48. Square buckle.

49. Scarab, Horus and Uati.

50. Bronze capital, one of seven of find 20,
thirtieth dynasty.

51. Scarab, '' Priest of Tahuti/' find 15.

52. Scarab, *' Shu, son of Ra," find 64.

53. Hemispherical seal with hand.

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THE NUMBERING OF THE PLANS AND INSCRIPTIONS.

As it is necessary to enable a reader to find any given stone readily on the Plan, the numbering
of the blocks must be in sequence as they lie on the ground : and as it is necessary to arrange
the inscriptions in chronological order, the numbering of the inscriptions must be in sequence
as they are here printed. Hence nearly every block has two numbers, one on the Plan, the
other in the inscriptions. The plates of inscriptions have the inscription number at the top
right-hand comer of each inscription; fragments of the same monument bearing the same
number, accompanied by a letter (39a, 39b, &c.) ; also below each inscription is the number
of the monument on the Plan, so that its position can be readily found. The numbers on
the Plan begin at the west-end, or entrance, and go to the east-end, running in lines from
side to side, in whatever way the blocks could be most nearly strung in sequence. The
same number is repeated to the fragments of the same object, so that blocks belonging one
to another can be easily observed. The numbering is continuous in the two Plans, the second
Plan being a larger scale drawing of part of the first, in which only the most important stones
were entered. As it may be needful to refer from the Plan to the inscriptions, the following
are the numbers on the Plan, followed by the number of the inscription. A list comprising
all the blocks will be given when the remainder of the inscriptions are published.

Plan.

Inscrip.

Plan.

Inacrip.

Plan.

Inscrip.

Plan. Inscrip.

7

33

62

52

95

9

180 22

9

34

68

35

96

1

183 23

10

43

69

36

97

5

197 19b

15

32

71

29

98

17

198 19a

27

56

72

28

99

11

208 19b

42

45

73

31

101

4

217 19o

47

44

74

80

102

16

241 62

49

50

75

41

103

3

244 64

51

15

76

48

113

2

248,249 65

54

37

77

51

117

C21
;.55

261 13, 61

57

46

79

63

136

59

269 42

58

47

81

38

152

24

271 53

59

49

82

39

163

60

276 54

60

26

86

17

167

58

279 10

61

27

87

8

168

57

At the top left-hand comer of each plate the proportion is stated which the drawings
bear to the monuments; these proportions are approximate, but every object on a plate
is reduced to the same scale.

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i:ii

SAN, VI-XIl DYNASTY.

/^ rj u n

Pl^iKlMK

'^i?.l;^if^

^^.t./f^

\ atm.nj.inj njitk Ustr. •fftftrtms. offtrirta uiftt

3.JI.

T

D.

^@glLL'¥i«^@EI

f>Le^>^ /03

k •• r P.

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I'.IO

SAN

Xll DYNASTY.

II

r ^ -" ■ ' u^l^l'^ ii ;^ ^:^

\l

(S^X^kW

10. ft.

}u.^ l7^

II

fMXfSkiIS»^|?.tr€iLVf

is:

:af^iffe4:.t(

S.A.

f=

8.B.

1 1 «^ ^•r x-rrr-

11

lf.A.

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SAN

XIII DYNASTY.

Ill

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SAN. XII-XIX DYNASTY.

IV

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SAN. R/\ME5SUII.C0L0SS

V.

North Colossus of PuL

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SAN. RAMESSU II

VI

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ISO.

S AN ■ R AMESSU II

Yll.

Obt^Lcsks of

North OUUsk

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SAN RAME5SU II

VIIl.

MtoLoLLd PcL.LY of Oi^ltsks in Ttyri^hle..

Nortk 06^Usk.

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3 AN. RAMESSU H

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5AN. RAMESSU II.

X.

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SAN. RAME55U II

XI.

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SAN. XII-XIV DYNASTY.

PL XIII.

or AM E N EM HAT

Bed Gran its.

or USERTESEN I.

Blac^ Grants,

3.

TORSO OF AMENEMHAT

Black Granite.

THRONE OF AMENEMHAT

Black Granite*

HYKSOS

Grfft/

S PH I N X E S.
Granite.

6. ARM OF MURMASHAU,

WITH NAME OF APEPI THE HYKSOS.
Otifiy Sy^/pits.

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SAN. XIX DYNASTY.

PL XIV.

MOTHER OF RAMESSU II.

A reurarked staU^e, front ins^ri/fUonXU. J?yn.j SicUJUX Dgn.

MEAD OF RAMESSU II.

From a gfrau/? in r»d ^raniU.

3.

KNEELI NG

STATUE
Grey

OF RAMESSU
(xranite.

(?)

TOES OF GREAT COLOSSUS OF RAMESSU II.
RBd Granite.

VIEW ACROSS THE SANCTUARY.
LooKina Horth.

VIEW DOWN THE WHOLE TEMPLE TO THE PYLON.
LooKifif WQ^t.

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SAN. XXII DYNASTY-ROMAN PERIOD.

PL. XV.

SOUTH SIDE OF THE PYLON.
RfcL Granite.

2. PTOLEMY II OFFERING LANDS TO THE DEITIES OF TANIS.
Limes tana.

3. PTOLEMY II AND ARSlNOEII ADORING THE. TRIAD OF TANIS.
Ltitnestone yili.

4. ONE OF THE SPHINXES FLANKING TABLET No 3.

Liimf'Sio/te.

5. STATUETTE OF PTOLEMY llf?; AND TABLETS.

FOUND WITH TABLET IN«3 AND SPHINXES.

6.

HEAD ON A TERM.
White Marlr:^,

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PL. XVI.

ROMAN ROAD.

TELL EL MASKHUTA.

2.

STORE CHAMBER OF P I T H O M.

TELL EL MASKHUTA,

TRIAD.

TELL EL MASKHUTA.

4. HYKSOS SPHINX RECUT BY RAMESSU II

ISMAILIYEH, FROM TELL ELMA&KHUTA.

SHRINE WITH A SPHINX

4AJLIVEH, FROM TELL EL MASKHUTA.

SHRINE WITH A TRIAD.

SAN.

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Tl-

B Lo c^i

E KCCL
EL X C,CL^V

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19
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